南京江北2014-2016年PM2.5质量浓度分布特征及气象和传输影响因素分析

利用2014-2016年南京江北地区PM_2.5质量浓度和气象要素的小时数据,并结合HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹聚类分析和PSCF法分析了PM_2.5质量浓度的污染特征及其主要影响因素和主要来源特征.结果表明：2014-2016年PM_2.5质量浓度呈逐年下降趋势,下降幅度约为17.40%,由2014年的62.1 μg·m^-3下降至2016年的51.2 μg·m^-3,能见度由2014年的5.8 km上升至2016年6.6 km.PM_2.5质量浓度存在显著的月变化和季节变化特征,1月浓度最高,可达93.0 μg·m^-3;8月浓度最低,仅为38.8 μg·m^-3;冬季浓度最高,可达76.8 μg·m^-3,夏季浓度最低,仅为47.1 μg·m^-3.不同季节日变化均为单峰型分布.气象要素对PM_2.5质量浓度的影响较大,不同相对湿度下能见度和PM_2.5质量浓度具有较好的拟合关系.霾和非霾天PM_2.5质量浓度的阈值为15 μg·m^-3.不同季节的主导气团不同,春季主导气团为偏北气流和偏东气流,占比分别为43.50%和30.80%;夏季主导气团以东部气流为主,占比约为68.22%;秋季和冬季主导气团为来自北方的气流,总占比分别为83.52%和100%;偏北内陆气团PM_2.5质量浓度较大,偏东海洋性气团PM_2.5质量浓度较低.PM_2.5质量浓度潜在源区春冬季潜在源区范围较大,夏秋季潜在源区范围较小,季节变化显著.春季潜在来源主要分布在安徽、江西北部、江苏南部和浙江北部等地区,夏秋季分布在安徽东部、浙江北部和江苏南部等地区,冬季分布在安徽、河南东部,山东和江苏等地区.     

燃煤电厂大气汞及其他痕量元素排放标准研究

为探究中国超低排放燃煤电厂汞及其他有害痕量元素未来标准制定的可行性及建议,综合比对了中国与欧盟、美国等发达国家燃煤电厂大气痕量元素排放标准限值,并基于燃煤电厂现场测试相关文献调研分析,系统地评估了中国燃煤电厂汞及其他9种典型痕量元素（砷、铅、硒、镉、铬、锑、钴、镍和锰）的排放现状.结果表明：与美国、欧盟、加拿大等发达国家相比,目前我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准限定的痕量元素污染物种类较为单一（仅规定了烟气汞及其化合物排放限值,≤30μg/m³）且排放标准限值较为宽松;在全国燃煤电厂已普遍完成超低排放升级与改造的新形势下,现行的《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2011）已难以起到对燃煤电厂大气汞及其他痕量元素排放控制的实际限制作用和对先进新技术的示范引领作用.作为世界上的最大燃煤消费国,中国燃煤电厂每年消耗煤炭占中国煤炭消费总量的一半左右,是国际社会和《关于汞的水俣公约》重点关注的排放源.因此,推动燃煤电厂大气汞排放标准限值的修订及其他有害痕量元素排放标准的制定,对于保护生态环境和公众健康及国际履约均具有较大的可行性及重要的现实意义.     

Users’ Perspectives About the Potential Usefulness of Online Storylines to Communicate River Research to a Multi-disciplinary Audience

ABSTRACT

Effective communication practices are needed to support adaptive, collaborative and integrative environmental management. We propose the use of online storylines to communicate scientific outcomes in a way that is captivating, easily understood and accessible. Based on 20 interviews, we identified important attributes for the storyline content, structure and user interaction. We designed a storyline example about stakeholders’ perceptions of a river management intervention with consequences on the landscape. The intended audience consists of multi-disciplinary researchers and practitioners that could consider or apply research solutions outside their field of expertise in river management. We introduced the example in a workshop with 14 participants from research and practice. Our findings highlight the importance of including narrative elements via images, interactive figures and timelines to illustrate the research context. Moreover, storylines should explicitly state benefits as well as the limitations of the river research and include a glossary to clarify specific terms.     

石期河西南子流域地下水重金属来源解析及健康风险评价

为了探讨地下水中重金属元素的污染来源及健康风险状况,以石期河西南子流域为研究区,对该区域内41组具有代表性的地下水样品中的10种重金属元素As、 Cr、 Cd、 Al、 Cu、 Zn、 Ni、 Co、 Mn和Hg进行检测,利用相关性分析和主成分分析解析研究区地下水中重金属元素的可能污染来源,运用单因子污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(P_N)和健康风险评价模型评估10种重金属元素的浓度特征和健康风险水平.结果表明：(1)研究区地下水重金属元素的浓度平均值均未超过地下水质量标准Ⅲ类水标准限值(GB/T 14848-2017),仅Al的浓度最大值超出,其次Al、 Mn和Cr的浓度变幅较大,平均贡献率最大的重金属元素是Al(65.74%).(2)单因子污染指数评价结果显示仅重金属元素Al超出清洁水平,内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明研究区处于低污染水平,地下水质良好.(3)多元统计分析结果显示,Zn、 Co和Mn为地质成因和生活废弃物组成的混合源,Al、 As和Cu为农业源,Cd、 Cr和Ni为工业源,Hg来自于大气的长距离传输.(4)研究区各重金...     

鸡粪和猪粪生物发酵过程中抗生素抗性基因的动态变化

畜禽粪便是储存和传播抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的主要载体.为明确鸡粪和猪粪堆肥过程中ARGs和MGEs相对丰度的变化及影响其消减的关键环境因子,探索减少畜禽粪便堆肥中ARGs含量并降低其污染风险的有效方法,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术和16S rRNA高通量测序技术,测定了鸡粪和猪粪好氧堆肥75 d的过程中,不同阶段10种ARGs和7种可移动遗传元件(MGEs)的丰度变化和细菌群落变化,分析了ARGs和MGEs与细菌群落的相关性和堆体理化性质(温度、含水率、 pH和DOC)变化对ARGs和MGEs丰度的影响.结果表明,猪粪(PM)中ARGs和MGEs丰度显著高于鸡粪(CM).堆肥结束后,两种堆肥中9种ARGs和5种MGEs的相对丰度均显著降低,其中CM中3种ARGs(tetM、tetT和aacA)和4种MGEs(ISEcp1、IS1216、IS613和tnp614)的去除率达到99%; PM中9种ARGs[tetB(P)、tetL、tetM、tetO、tetT、aacA、aadD、aphA3和sat4]及4种MGEs(ISEcp1、IS26、IS1216和tnp614)去除率均达到99%...     

上海市大气颗粒物中金属元素特征

分析上海市５个采样点，１９８６年至１９８７年连续１２个月的大气颗粒物样品中的１１种金属元素含量。结果表明，市区各功能区之间，以及各个季节之间，元素分布特征差异；细粒子中的重金属元素主要受局部地区工业源和气象条件的影响；与其它城市相比，上海市大气颗粒物中的重金属元素含量高数倍；通过粒径－成份以及富集因子分析，探讨了这些元素的来源。     

A Comparative Study On the Levels of Trace Metals in Some Mediterranean and Red Sea Fishes

Samples of Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Epinephelus alexandrinus, Epinephelus areolatus, Epinephelus fasciatus, Epinephelus chlorostigma, Cephalopholis argus and Cephalopholis sonnerati were collected from the Mediterranean and Red Seas and their muscle and bone analyzed by AAS for some trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). the results showed that these metals accumulate in the bones to a greater extent than in the muscle. the highest accumulated element is cobalt (4.7-20.8 times), while the lowest is lead (1.1-2.5 times). the accumulation is more pronounced in Red Sea species than in Mediterranean species. the elevated levels of lead in Mugil cephalus (2.6-3.0 mg kg^-1) and Epinephelus alexandrinus (3.0-3.9 mg kg^-1) were attributed to the intake in food in the polluted environment of Alexandria coastal water. the relationship between body size and concentration of trace metals using a standard linear regression technique gives a significant positive correlation for cobalt, manganese, iron and lead in the muscle, as well as for lead in the bones of Mugil species from the Red Sea, while the Mediterranean species showed little correlation.

There is a tendency for increased concentrations of the essential metals manganese, iron and copper with increasing trophic level of the fish, while the opposite is true for the toxic metals chromium and lead. Our results indicate that there is no risk from toxic metal concentrations in muscle of fish from the Mediterranean and Red Seas consumed by man even in contaminated areas.     

Cu Ni As Cr对萝卜出苗的影响

利用盆栽试验研究Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ４个元素不同浓度对萝卜出苗的影响．结果表明，土壤含Ｃｕ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上时，随着含Ｃｕ量的增加，出苗数随之减少．在酸性土壤上发生Ｃｕ和Ｎｉ危害时，可用提高土壤ｐＨ至中性的办法来消除．在中性土壤上，含Ｎｉ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上对萝卜出苗有害．Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ复合污染比单一元素污染的危害大，且毒性Ｎｉ＞Ｃｕ．土壤Ｃｒ、Ａｓ含量越大，对萝卜出苗的危害也越大，并且毒性Ｃｒ（６＋）＞Ｃｒ（３＋）．     

Elemental Analysis of Water and Sediments By External Beam Pixe Part 4. Aliakmon River, Greece

The Aliakmon River originates in the North Western part of Greece, traverses the Western part of Macedonia, and discharges into the Thermaikos Bay in the North Aegean Sea. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with external beam was used for the determination of the metallic elements in the waters and sediments of the Aliakmon River. the pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and total phosphate and nitrate concentrations were also monitored in the water samples. Data collected for a 20-month period indicate that the Aliakmon River can be still considered as an unpolluted river.     

An Ecophysiological Study of Plants Growing on the Fly Ash Deposits from the “Nikola Tesla–A” Thermal Power Station in Serbia

This ecophysiological research on the ash deposits from the Nikola Tesla–A thermal power station in Serbia covered 10 plant species (Tamarix gallica, Populus alba, Spiraea van-hauttei, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Eupatorium cannabinum, Crepis setosa, Epilobium collinum, Verbascum phlomoides, and Cirsium arvense). This paper presents the results of a water regime analysis, photosynthetic efficiency and trace elements (B, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cd) content in vegetative plant parts. Water regime parameters indicate an overall stability in plant-water relations. During the period of summer drought, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) was low, ranging from 0.429 to 0.620 for all the species that were analyzed. An analysis of the tissue trace elements content showed a lower trace metal concentration in the plants than in the ash, indicating that heavy metals undergo major concentration during the combustion process and some are not readily taken up by plants. The Zn and Pb concentrations in all of the examined species were normal whereas Cu and Mn concentrations were in the deficiency range. Boron concentrations in plant tissues were high, with some species even showing levels of more than 100 g/g (Populus sp., Ambrosia sp., Amorpha sp., and Cirsium sp.). The presence of Cd was not detected. In general, it can be concluded from the results of this research that biological recultivation should take into account the existing ecological, vegetation, and floristic potential of an immediate environment that is abundant in life forms and ecological types of plant species that can overgrow the ash deposit relatively quickly. Selected species should be adapted to toxic B concentrations with moderate demands in terms of mineral elements (Cu and Mn).