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651.
传感器及其在水质监测中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
介绍了化学传感器,光导纤维传感器及生物传感器的工作原理,论述了它们在水质监测中的应用,对传感器再生性问题,小型化问题,载体材料问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
652.
653.
Concentrations of a wide range of trace elements: arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, hafnium, nickel, thorium, uranium, zinc and the rare earth elements, cerium, europium, samarium, terbium and ytterbium were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in the brown alga,Fucus vesiculosus from Eckwarder Hörne, North Sea and from Rügen, Baltic Sea. Another brown alga,Sargassum filipendula from Sri Lanka, Indian ocean (representing an unpolluted control station) was similarly investigated. Cobalt, chromium and nickel concentrations were highest inF. vesiculosus from the North Sea while zinc was highest in samples from the Baltic Sea, reflecting high levels of these elements in coastal waters of the North and the Baltic sea. Cadmium, cobalt, nickel and zinc levels were lowest inS. filipendula from Sri Lanka, probably demonstrating lower levels of those elements in coastal waters. Concentration levels of hafnium, thorium, uranium, and the rare earth elements were highest inS. filipendula. Two years later in 1994,S. filipendula along withUlva sp. (green alga) was resampled from the same sampling site, and in addition to the above elements, six other trace elements (Ag, Ba, Br, Rb, Se and Sr) were determined.Sargassium filipendula showed a particular affinity for Ag, As, Br and Sr. For the other elements, marginal concentration differences were observed betweenS. filipendula andUlva sp., probably reflecting the regional background levels. Substantially higher concentrations of Hf, Th, U, and the rare earths were found again in the 1994Sargassum andUlva samples, reflecting the effect of a substrate rich in rare earth elements. The brown algae used in this study may be used to monitor trace elements in coastal waters. 相似文献
654.
燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19
本文测定了武汉市青山热电厂5^#锅炉在两种不同燃烧工况条件下,除尘器入口烟道灰的四种不同粒径灰粒中的Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Cd,Cr和Be等七种痕量元素的含量。发现大部分元素有在细微粒子中富集的倾向,富集程度与颗粒物粒径大小、元素性质、元素存在形态及燃烧工况条件有密切关系。这种富集倾向可用痕量元素在燃烧过程中的蒸发-凝集作用来解释。 相似文献
655.
The concentrations of 27 elements in Jamaican food categories consisting of fruit, legumes, leafy and root vegetables and other root crops are reported. The main analytical techniques used were neutron activation analysis and flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results are compared, where possible, with values from Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States and Nigeria, and with some regulatory limits. Over 75% of the results for antimony, arsenic, barium, cerium, thorium and uranium were below the respective sample detection limits but even among these, some of the maximum values observed indicate that further examination may be useful for those foods grown in the regions of highest uptake and consumed in large amounts. The other elements reported are bromine, cadmium, calcium, caesium, cerium, chromium, copper, europium, hafnium, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, samarium, sodium, strontium, thorium, uranium, and zinc. Many of these elements occur at concentration levels above those reported from the other countries but it seems unlikely that most of these will contribute significantly to public health risk. However, at this stage cadmium clearly appears to be the element of greatest concern in the Jamaican food chain. The observed range of cadmium concentrations suggests that factors such as land selection, coupled perhaps where necessary, with suitably modified agricultural practices, is a feasible way to reduce the cadmium content of certain local foods. 相似文献
656.
In 2000, 63 (polished) white rice samples were collected in eight administrative areas all over South Korea and analyzed for
16 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Potassium had the highest content, next
to Mg, Ca, Si, Zn, Na, Al and Fe. Most of the samples contained worldwide average concentrations of essential and trace elements
in rice grains reported by various researches. For inter-area differences in those elements in the rice, the statistical analysis
showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the eight administrative areas, suggesting that inter-area differences were not substantial in most cases.
Thus, the present data can be used as national background levels of elements in rice produced in South Korea. Using the published
data on daily consumption of rice in South Korea, it was possible to estimate the daily intake of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn via
rice. The results showed that a regular consumption of rice produced in Korea plays an important role in accumulation of essential
and trace elements in Korean, especially for farm-households consuming relatively large amounts of rice. 相似文献
657.
Freitas MC Farinha MM Ventura MG Almeida SM Reis MA Pacheco AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):81-95
This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in PM10 and PM2.5, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring
urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired
power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental
neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison
with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has
been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring
contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for PM10 was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one;
2) the EU annual mean for PM10 was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for PM2.5 was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for PM2.5 was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below
the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In
every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in PM2.5 than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As
and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as
a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near
major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. 相似文献
658.
659.
贵州省原煤中微量元素的组成特征 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
研究了贵州省各主要煤田中主要采煤层的As,B,Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,C,Hg,Li,Ni,Pb,Sb,Se,Sr,Tl,V,Zn等微量元素的组成特征,贵州省原煤中微量元素的含量总体上的世界范围内的一致,但Sb,As,Hg等有害元素则明显富集,由于煤炭成因上的特殊性,其微量元素的组成除受煤植物的影响外,后期在煤作用对其有决定性的影响。 相似文献
660.
Urban geochemistry: A study of element distributions in the soils of tallinn (Estonia) 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
First results are presented from the Urban geochemistry of Tallinn, a project supported by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO. The distribution of chemical elements in 532 samples of the topsoils from the territory of the biggest industrial centre of Estonia (pop. 500,000) is interpreted. Statistical analysis and mapping of major and trace elements at the territory of the Tallinn region and of the city were performed and background values and local anomalies of chemical elements on the territory were determined. The investigation focussed on the determination of zones with anomalously high concentrations of elements and the relationships of soil contamination with different pollution sources. The increase of the element concentrations has natural as well as anthropogenic origins. A detailed comparative analysis of the element distributions and the results of a factor analysis showed that the distribution of the major chemical elements depended mainly on the composition of the underlying sedimentary rocks.The territory of Tallinn is characterised by relatively high and widespread concentrations of Ba, Cr, Ga, Ni, Ti and Zn. Especially intensive local concentrations were determined for As, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, V and Zn, which are typical for the local pollution of the soils by industrial sources. The levels of As, Cr, Mn and V are more than three times. Pb and Zn are more than five times higher in the geochemical anomalies than for background levels. For the Tallinn region two major associations of elements connected with industrial pollutions of the soil are typical: the first association includes Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni and partly Fe and the second one includes As, Pb and Zn. For the city of Tallinn an increase of Ag, Ba, Be, La, Pb, Sn and Zn concentration in the soil was detected. Ba, Cr, Mn and Ni occur in high concentrations in the soils around Maardu. Different types of contamination sources can be identified in Tallinn and its suburbs. 相似文献