Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil

In the last 40 years, a large area of savanna vegetation in Central Brazil (Cerrado) has been converted to agriculture, with intensive use of fertilizers, irrigation and management practices. Currently, the Cerrado is the main region for beef and grain production in Brazil. However, the consequences of these agricultural practices on NO, N₂O and CO₂ emissions from soil to atmosphere are still poorly investigated. The objectives of this study were to quantify soil emissions of NO-N, N₂O-N and CO₂-C in different no-till cultivation systems in comparison with native savanna vegetation. The agricultural areas included: (a) the maize and Brachiaria ruzizienses intercropping system followed by irrigated bean in rotation; (b) soybean followed by natural fallow; and (c) cotton planting over B. ruzizienses straw. The study was performed from August 2003 to October 2005 and fluxes were measured before and after planting, after fertilizations, during the growing season, before and after harvesting. NO-N fluxes in the soybean field were similar to those measured in the native vegetation. In the cornfield, higher NO-N fluxes were measured before planting than after planting and pulses were observed after broadcast fertilizations. During Brachiaria cultivation NO-N fluxes were lower than in native vegetation. In the irrigated area (bean cultivation), NO-N fluxes were also significantly higher after broadcast fertilizations. Most of the soil N₂O-N fluxes measured under cultivated and native vegetation were very low (<0.6 ng N₂O-N cm⁻² h⁻¹) except during bean cultivation when N₂O-N fluxes increased after the first and second broadcast fertilization with irrigation and during nodule senescence in the soybean field. Soil respiration values from the soybean field were similar to those in native vegetation. The CO₂-C fluxes during cultivation of maize and irrigated bean were twice as high as in the native vegetation. During bean cultivation with irrigation, an increase in CO₂-C fluxes was observed after broadcast fertilization followed by a decrease after the harvest. Significantly lower soil C stocks (0-30 cm depth) were determined under no-tillage agricultural systems in comparison with the stocks under savanna vegetation. Fertilizer-induced emission factors of N oxides calculated from the data were lower than those indicated by the IPCC as default.     

厦门快速城市化中居民食物C、N、P消费动态

随着城市化进程的不断推进以及城市人口的快速增长,城市人类活动对生态系统的元素循环影响越来越显著,不可持续的家庭消费已成为造成全球环境问题的主要原因,食物元素消费的研究也成为可持续消费的重要研究内容。以厦门市为例,分析了1988-2010年居民食物C、N、P元素消费的变化趋势及特点,探讨与其变化相关的经济、社会因子。研究结果表明:1988-2010年全市食物消费总量不断增加,由49.33万t增长至106.36万t。但是人均食物消费量由321.28 kg/(人.a)降至301.32 kg/(人.a)。厦门市食物C、N、P消费总量均在上升,1988年食物C、N、P消费量分别为10.14、0.64、0.05万t,到2010年食物C、N、P消费量分别为17.29、1.21、0.11万t,分别增长了70.45%、88.91%、117.11%,与此同时人均食物C、N、P消费量却在降低,其变化趋势与人均食物消费量的变化趋势接近,但并不完全一致,其中下降幅度最大的为人均食物C消费量,下降了24.92%,其次是人均食物N消费量下降了16.79%,下降幅度最小的为人均食物P消费量降低了4.37%。这主要是由于食物消费结构发生变化所致,粮食在食物C、N、P消费总量中所占比例持续下降,禽畜肉、瓜果、鲜蛋、奶制品等在食物C、N、P消费总量中所占比例分别有不同程度的增长,城市家庭食物消费模式由"以粮食为主"向"以粮食和肉类、蔬菜为主"转变。通过将相关经济、社会因子与居民食物C、N、P消费量进行相关性分析表明,人均GDP、恩格尔系数、人均可支配收入、食物消费支出、食物价格指数、大学人口比重、平均家庭人口数,与食物C、N消费量均相关,与食物P消费量相关性不显著。     

兰州市排污沟污泥磁性物质来源特征及环境意义

文章通过对兰州市七里河沟、烂泥沟、大沙沟和排洪沟中污泥的低频磁化率、金属元素和粒度的测定,证明低频磁化率可以很好地评价排污沟污泥中重金属的来源特征。兰州市排污沟污泥中磁性矿物主要与还原性环境中的金属硫化物、外源道路和大气中人类活动产生的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿及少量顺磁性矿物,以及黄土高原沙尘暴来源的贡献有关;磁性矿物具有多源性和多类型性特征。排污沟污泥中高有机质含量反映了强烈的人类活动,而人为活动输入的磁性物质是兰州市排污沟污泥中磁性矿物的主要来源。     

Characterization of cytotoxicity of airborne particulates from urban areas of Lahore

A number of species (organic and inorganic) in airborne particulates cause the toxicity to living being. The potential of in vitro test methods were explored for toxicity assessment of trace toxic elements (inorganic species) present in ambient air on human being (lungs). A year long sampling of airborne particles (PM_2.5) was carried (April 2008 to March 2009) in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of thirty nine samples were collected on 47 mm Zefluor Teflon filter membranes and each was analysed to characterize for the elements: Sb, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Mn, Hg using ICP-MS in water extract and total acid digestate. The samples cytotoxicity was also established using lung derived cells and MTS colorimetric assays. This generated dose response curves and IC₅₀ values for the elemental mixtures identified on the Teflon filter membrane. The results indicated that even at low concentrations airborne elemental mixtures displayed an additive toxic effect.     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

基于施工环境负荷的施工环境因素的识别与控制

为了减少施工阶段环境污染,推行绿色施工,本文提出了施工环境负荷来量化和比较施工操作对环境的影响程度,从而识别施工阶段的重要环境因素并对重要环境因素制定了相应的控制对策。     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.     

Evaluation of the levels and sources of trace elements in urban particulate matter

An assessment of air quality of Belgrade, Serbia, was performed by determining the trace element content in airborne daily PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples collected from a central urban area. The ambient concentrations of Zn were the highest in PM_2.5 (1,998.0 ng m⁻³). Multivariate receptor modelling (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) has been applied to determine the contribution of different sources of specific metallic components in airborne particles. The obtained results showed that vehicle traffic and fossil fuel combustion in stationary objects were the main sources of trace metals in Belgrade urban aerosols.     

南京市霾天气与主要气象条件的相关分析

利用天气学原理,分析研究2012~2014年南京市霾天气的主要地面天气形势、气象要素以及PM2.5与PM10浓度的相互关系.结果表明,2012~2014年南京市霾天气以轻度和轻微霾为主,且冬季最多,夏季最少;相对湿度在50%~80%之间有利于霾的发生,尤其是70%≤RH<80%时;有87.6%的霾发生在风速≤4m/s的情况下,并且主要来自东北偏东到东南风向区域.最利于南京霾天气形成的主要天气形势是均压场、高压控制和高压后部,而低压槽、副高控制和台风影响时霾发生较少.PM2.5在PM10中所占比例与霾强度呈正比.通过对南京市气象条件与霾的关系,及后向轨迹HYSPLIT4模式的聚类分析显示,结合南京市霾天气时的风向统计,影响南京霾发生的污染源主要有本地源、南京市东南地区的近距离污染源和华北地区的远距离污染源.     

青岛大气气溶胶中微量元素溶解度及影响因素

利用2012年12月在青岛采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中11种微量元素的总浓度和溶解态浓度,讨论了沙尘负载、气溶胶来源、酸过程及天气条件对微量元素溶解度的影响.结果表明,Fe和Al的溶解度<5%,Pb、Ba、Bi的为10%左右,Cu、V、Cd、Mn的为20%~30%,Zn和As的约为40%.随着沙尘负载量的增加,气溶胶中微量元素溶解度呈规律性递减.气团后向轨迹聚类分析和正矩阵因子分析（PMF）结果显示,受人为源影响的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受沙尘源影响的,受二次生成源和海洋源影响的的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受土壤源影响的.大气酸过程是造成这些差异的主要原因.相关性分析表明,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和有机酸等酸组分均对微量元素溶解度有一定影响.霾天时气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显低于雾天的,其原因为酸组分在较高的相对湿度下更能促进微量元素溶解度的提高.