Determination and analysis of PM10 source apportionment during episodes of air pollution in Central Eastern European urban areas: The case of wintertime 2006

Source apportionment of air pollution due to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀) was investigated in Central Eastern European urban areas. A combination of four methods was developed to distinguish long-range transport (LRT) and regional transport (RT) from local pollution (LP) sources as well as to discern the involvement of traffic or residential sources in LP. Sources of PM₁₀ events of pollution were determined in January 2006 in representative Polish cities using monitored air quality and meteorological data, backward air mass trajectories, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Daily patterns of PM₁₀ levels show that several peak episodes were registered in Poland; January 21–30th being the most polluted days. Air mass back-trajectory analysis shows that all cities were under the influence of LRT from North-eastern origins (Russia–Belarus–Ukraine), most were also under LRT from Southern origin (Slovakia, Czech Republic), and northern cities were under national RT influence. PCA analysis shows that ion-sums of secondary inorganic aerosols account for LRT pollution while arsenic and chromium represents markers of RT (industrial) and LP (residential) sources of PM₁₀, respectively. Determination of several ratios (REG/UB, REG/TRAF, TRAF/UB) calculated between PM₁₀ levels measured at regional background (REG); urban background (UB) and traffic (TRAF) monitoring sites shows that, with ratios REG/UB ≥ 0.57, PM₁₀ episodes in both Szczecin and Warsaw bore a marked RT origin. The lower REG/UB ≤ 0.35 in the Southern cities of Cracow and Zabrze indicates that LP was the main contributor to the observed episodes. Only PM₁₀ episodes in Southern-western Poland (Jelenia Góra) were clearly of LP origin as characterized, by the lowest REG/UB ratio (<0.2). The high TRAF/UB ratios obtained for all cities (close to 1) indicate that there was a great uniformity of PM levels on an urban scale owing to the meteorologically stagnant conditions. A high correlation between PM₁₀, NO₂ and CO confirms that traffic emission represented a common and an important LP source of urban pollution in most Polish cities during January 2006. On the other hand PM₁₀ which is also highly correlated with SO₂ in 4 cities out of 6, indicates that coal combustion through domestic heating or industrial activities was also an important LP source of PM₁₀. Finally, extremely unfavourable meteorological conditions caused by the influence of a Siberian high-pressure system were found to be associated with the occurrence of severe PM₁₀ episodes of pollution.     

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with mineral-amended composts

This study examined the use of two composts derived from green waste and sewage sludge, amended with minerals (clinoptilolite or bentonite), for the remediation of metal-contaminated brownfield sites to transform them into greenspace. Soils contaminated with high or low levels of metals were mixed with the mineral-enhanced composts at different ratios and assessed by leaching tests, biomass production and metal accumulation of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The results showed that the green waste compost reduced the leaching of Cd and Zn up to 48% whereas the composted sewage sludge doubled the leachate concentration of Zn. However, the same soil amended with composted sewage sludge showed an efficient reduction in plant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb or Zn by up to 80%. The results suggest that metal immobilisation and bioavailability are governed by the formation of complexes between the metals and organic matter. The amendment with minerals had only limited effects.     

Heavy Metal and Trace Elements in Various Fish Samples from Sır Dam Lake, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

Achanthobrama marmid (thorn-bream) (n:24), Chondrostoma regium (nose-carp) (n:33) and Silurus glanis (wels) (n:21), and Cyprinus carpio (carp) (n:30) were collected from Sır Dam Lake in Kahramanmaraş Province. The iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) levels were determined in the total of 108 fish samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of heavy metals were expressed as mg kg⁻¹ wet weight of tissue. The mean Fe and Mn levels of muscle and gill of C. carpio were 0.8–5.71 and 0.30–1.96, respectively. The mean of the Fe and Mn levels of muscle and gill of A. marmid were 1.22, 5.07 and 0.38, 0.85 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The ranges of mean concentrations of Fe and Mn levels in muscle and gill of C. regium were 0.91, 5.61 and 0.27, 3.42 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The mean value of Fe in S. glanis gill was 1.03, which of Mn was 0.17 mg kg⁻¹. Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and Pb were not detected in the muscle of S. glanis. The mean values for Co in muscle of thorn-bream, carp, and nose-carp were 0.005, 0.01, 0.0 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Nickel values in the muscle were ranged between 0.38 and 1.93 in thorn-bream, 0.06 and 1.34 in carp, 0.14 and 1.89 in nose-carp, in that order. The mean Pb levels of muscle and gill of A. marmid were 0.14 and 0.29 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The mean values of Pb concentration of muscle and gill for C. carpio were 0.13 and 0.50 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In C. regium mean values for Pb in muscle and gill were 0.06 and 0.06 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The mean value of Pb in S. glanis gill was 0.42, ranged between 0.0–0.92 mg kg⁻¹.     

Speciation of Trace Metals in Coastal Sediments of El-Mex Bay South Mediterranean Sea–West of Alexandria (Egypt)

Sediments of El-Mex Bay estuary on the southern Mediterranean Sea have been analyzed for trace metals after sediment fractionation by sequential leaching. A sequential extraction procedure was applied to identify forms of Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Fe. The five steps of the sequential extraction procedure partitioned metals into: CH₃COONH₄ extractable (F1); NaOAC carbonate extractable (F2); NH₂OH.HCl/CH₃COOH reducible extractable (F3); H₂O₂–HNO₃ organic extractable (F4) and NHO₃/HClO₄/HF acid soluble residue (F5). Extracted concentrations of trace metals analyzed after all five steps, were found to be (μg/g) for Mn: 1930.2, Cu: 165.3, Cd: 60.9, Cr: 386.3, Zn: 2351.3 and Fe: 10895. Most of elements were found in reducible fraction except Fe found in acid soluble residue, characterizing stable compounds in sediments. Labile (non-residual) fractions of trace elements (sum of the first four fractions) were analyzed because they are more bioavailable than the residual amount. Correlation analysis was used to understand and visualize the associations between the labile fractions of trace metals and certain forms, since Fe-and Mn-oxides play an important role in trace metals sorption within aquatic systems, especially within El-Mex Bay sediments that characterized by varying metal bioavailability.     

安全优质饮用水

水中的微量元素是人体微量元素的主要来源,而且饮用水的硬度和总溶解性固体和当地居民心脏病的死亡率有确定的正相关性。ＴＤＳ越高,心脏病发作率越少。健康的水应是去除了有机微污染,三致物质,病原菌,病毒和病原原生动物的,并且含有适量微量元素和矿物质的安全和有益于健康的水。     

鼻咽癌与土壤环境中化学元素的相关性研究

利用土壤元素数据２０６９４４８个,鼻咽癌死亡调查资料２２５６０例,研究了鼻咽癌死亡率与土壤环境中６１个元素质量分数的相关性。结果表明,汞、铅、硒、针、锡、钛、钽、溴、碘元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的正相关;铪元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈显著的正相关;铟、镱、镥、铀、锆、铋、碲元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的正相关。锰、钠、镁、钙、锶元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的负相关;钾、钡元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的负相关。钒、铷、铯、银、铝、镓、铊、钪、钇、镧、铈、钕、钆、镝、钬、铒、铥、钼、钨、铁、砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、氟、镍、锌、锂、铍、硼、镨、钐、铕、铽、锗、锑元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率无明显的相关性。     

Differential Pulse Polarographic Analysis of Lead and Chromium Content in Louisiana Waters

In this investigation, polarographic analyses of water, sediment, and animal samples from Devil's Swamp near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, have been conducted. The focus of this work has been on detection of lead and chromium levels. Lead has been found to be relatively uniformly distributed among the various size fractions of the sediment and is present at a mean level of 18.7 µg g^-1. In the water the concentration is about 15 µg L^-1 of which 75% is bound in suspended particulates and the remainder is dissolved. Preliminary results indicate that more chromium than lead is present in bone and muscle of bullfrogs, and, for each metal, there is a higher concentration in muscle than bone. The mean lead muscle tissue concentration is 550 µg kg^-1, which suggests that bioaccumulation of this metal is occurring, assuming that water contact or ingestion are the main routes of exposure. An important aspect of this research has been optimizing polarographic methodology for performing chromium speciation studies. Methods for determining the amounts of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in mixtures containing the two have been developed.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.     

外源稀土在根际与非根际土壤中的存在形态

采用根际袋法研究了稀土在春小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中存在形态的差别.结果表明,外源稀土进入土壤后,在根际土壤与非根际土壤中主要以残渣态形式存在,各形态含量的大小顺序为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机质结合态.小麦根系活动明显影响根际土壤中的稀土存在形态,根际土壤中的可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态含量明显大于非根际土壤中的含量,而碳酸盐结合态有所下降,有机质结合态无明显变化.