Use of the modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of trace element dynamics in contaminated soils

The modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure was used to examine the temporal dynamics of trace elements in soils contaminated by an accidental spill from an opencast mine in south-west Spain. Soils were mainly contaminated with pyritic sludge and acidic wastewater, whereas some soils were affected only by acidic wastewater. The distributions obtained for both some major (Ca, Fe and Mn) and trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in the sludge and soil samples taken at different times after the accident, 1-3 months and 21 months, were compared. Sequential extractions were useful in identifying different sources of contamination, and in obtaining additional information on the solubility of secondary minerals formed by pyrite oxidation. Thus, the effectiveness of the BCR procedure has proved to be a useful tool for predicting short- and long-term mobility of trace elements, even in complex environmental scenarios.     

Copper, nickel and lead in lichen and tree bark transplants over different periods of time

This work aimed at comparing the dynamics of atmospheric metal accumulation by the lichen Flavoparmelia caperata and bark of Platanus hybrida over different periods of time. Transplants were exposed in three Portuguese coastal cities. Samples were retrieved (1) every 2 months (discontinuous exposure), or (2) after 2-, 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-month periods (continuous exposure), and analysed for Cu, Ni and Pb. Airborne accumulation of metals was essentially independent of climatic factors. For both biomonitors [Pb]>[Ni]>[Cu] but Pb was the only element for which a consistent pattern of accumulation was observed, with the bark outperforming the lichen. The longest exposure periods hardly ever corresponded to the highest accumulation. This might have been partly because the biomonitors bound and released metals throughout the exposure, each with its own dynamics of accumulation, but both according to the environmental metal availability.     

Distribution of toxic trace elements in soil/sediment in post-Katrina New Orleans and the Louisiana Delta

This study provided a comprehensive assessment of seven toxic trace elements (As, Pb, V, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Hg) in the soil/sediment of Katrina affected greater New Orleans region 1 month after the recession of flood water. Results indicated significant contamination of As and V and non-significant contamination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb at most sampling sites. Compared to the reported EPA Region 6 soil background inorganic levels, except As, the concentrations of other six elements had greatly increased throughout the studied area; St. Bernard Parish and Plaquemines Parish showed greater contamination than other regions. Comparison between pre- and post-Katrina data in similar areas, and data for surface, shallow, and deep samples indicated that the trace element distribution in post-Katrina New Orleans was not obviously attributed to the flooding. This study suggests that more detailed study of As and V contamination at identified locations is needed.     

Metal accumulation by stream bryophytes, related to chemical speciation

Metal accumulation by aquatic bryophytes was investigated using data for headwater streams of differing chemistry. The Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) was applied to calculate chemical speciation, including competitive proton and metal interactions with external binding sites on the plants. The speciation modelling approach gives smaller deviations between observed and predicted bryophyte contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb than regressions based on total filtered metal concentrations. If all four metals, and Ni, are considered together, the WHAM predictions are superior at the 1% level. Optimised constants for bryophyte binding by the trace metals are similar to those for humic substances and simple carboxylate ligands. Bryophyte contents of Na, Mg and Ca are approximately explained by binding at external sites, while most of the K is intracellular. Oxide phases account for some of the Al, and most of the Mn, Fe and Co.     

煤中微量有害元素的挥发性

利用3 种热解反应装置(密闭模拟下落床、流动气氛模拟下落床和固定床)研究了 6种煤中 As、Pb、Cr、Cd 和 Mn等微量有害元素的挥发性随温度(300～1000℃)的变化规律,同时考察了热解装置的影响.结果表明,这 5 种元素的挥发性均随热解温度的升高而升高;6 种煤中 As、Pb、Cd均表现出与Cr 和 Mn相比具有较强的挥发性,但它们的挥发温度不同,其中 As 的挥发主要发生在 300～700℃,Cd 主要在 500℃以上挥发,Pb 主要在 800℃以上挥发.热解过程中,微量元素在半焦孔道内扩散时产生的反应是影响元素析出的重要因素之一.     

Effect of unburned carbon content in fly ash on the retention of 12 elements out of coal-combustion flue gas

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether unburned carbon particles present in fly ash can help in the retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Rb, and Pb out of flue gas during the coal combustion at fluidised-bed power station where the coal was combusted along with limestone. The competitive influence of 10%-25% CaO in fly ashes on the distribution of studied elements was studied as well to be clear which factor governs behaviour of studied elements. Except of S (with significant association with CaO) and Rb and Pb (with major affinity to Al₂O₃) the statistically significant and positive correlation coefficients were calculated for the relations between unburned carbon content and Br (0.959), Cl (0.957), Cu (0.916), Se (0.898), Ni (0.866), As (0.861), Zn (0.742), Ge (0.717), and Ga (0.588) content. The results suggest that the unburned carbon is promising material in terms of flue gas cleaning even if contained in highly calcareous fly ashes.     

太湖底泥间隙水中金属离子分布特征及相关性

在太湖梅梁湾应用peeper(渗析膜式)技术获取底泥间隙水及近界面上覆水,对其中的溶解性金属的垂直分布特征及与氧化还原等特性的相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,除Mg元素外,自上覆水向下层底泥,Na、K、Ca、Sr、Ba含量逐渐减少,反映这些元素有自上覆水向底泥中扩散的趋势.其中,溶解态的Ca、Sr元素之间呈明显的正相关性(r=0.994,n=30);氧化还原电位(Eh)对间隙水中Fe2+和Mn²⁺含量分布有显著影响,但近界面上Fe2+含量对氧化还原电位的突变略有滞后.     

青海湖流域表层土壤环境背景值及其影响因素

为了评价青海湖流域土壤的环境背景值,2008~2009 年分别采集流域表层土壤样品共 273 个,采用X 荧光光谱仪分析了29 种元素（Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、P、Ti、V、Cr、 Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Ba、Pb、La、Ce、Nd 和 Th）的含量, 根据ArcGis 地统计工具ESDA 模块,确定了表层土壤背景值及其范围。结果表明：总体上青海 湖流域表层土壤各元素含量偏低,但Ca 元素含量明显偏高,Zn 元素含量明显偏低;流域风化程 度是初等风化脱Ca、Na 阶段向中等风化脱K 阶段转变,风化环境处于冷干向暖湿转变,风化的 主控因素是母岩和温度;大多数元素含量的变化都与沉积物中粘土（<4 μm）含量的变化呈一致 性,而与砂（>63 μm）的含量变化呈反相关关系,这些元素多赋存在细颗粒物中,少部分元素容 易赋存于粗颗粒中;常量元素的活动性的顺序为：K₂O ＞ CaO ＞ SiO₂ ＞ MgO ＞ Na₂O ＞ Al₂O₃ ＞ TiO₂ ＞ P₂O₅ ＞ Fe₂O₃ ＞ MnO;微量元素的活动性的顺序为：Ni ＞ V ＞ Pb ＞ Ba ＞ Sr ＞ Zr ＞ Ce ＞ Rb ＞ Co ＞ Zn ＞ La ＞ Y ＞ Nd ＞ Cu ＞ Th ＞ Nb。     

垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物组分粒径分布特征

本研究采用静电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物,分析颗粒物中元素和碳组分,对其中OC、EC和重金属元素在14个粒径段的粒径特征进行分析,并建立了垃圾焚烧厂源PM_1、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的元素和碳组分成分谱,以期为精细化来源解析提供参考.结果表明,垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物的主要组分有Al、Si、S、Ca、Cr、Fe、OC和EC等(质量分数≥1%),其中OC和Ca的含量较高,在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为10. 15%和12. 37%;重金属含量Cr Pb Zn Mn Cu Cd Ni,其中Cr和Pb在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为1. 83%和0. 74%,Cr在PM_1中的质量分数达到3. 53%; OC在2. 39～3. 99μm和6. 68～9. 91μm这2个粒径段的含量达到峰值,分别占OC总含量的15. 02%和20. 45%,但在细颗粒物中的含量高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,EC在细颗粒物中的含量远高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,在0. 382～0. 613μm粒径段占14. 8%; Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等重金属元素主要富集于细颗粒中.     

中原城市群典型城市秋冬季大气PM2.5污染特征及溯源

为了研究中原城市群区域城市秋冬季大气PM_2.5的污染特征和其主要成分的潜在来源,于2018年10月到2019年1月在郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡这4个典型城市展开秋冬季连续4个月PM_2.5膜样本采集,采用X射线荧光光谱法,碳分析法和离子色谱法分别对18种无机元素,有机碳（OC）/元素碳（EC）,和9种水溶性无机离子进行了测定.根据PM_2.5日均值浓度水平分为3个污染等级,并分别通过对氮氧化率（NOR）和二次有机碳（SOC）及富集因子的计算结果对PM_2.5主要成分NO₃^-和SOC及18种无机元素的时空变化进行了对比分析.通过化学质量平衡（CMB）模型计算了4个城市的排放源及贡献率,并通过后向轨迹（HYSPLIT）模型和潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）分析了4个城市PM_2.5和主要成分NO₃^-及OC的潜在污染来源.结果表明,采样期间郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡PM_2.5均值分别为（82.1±45.5）、（84.7±39.8）、（96.8±46.1）和（81.1±36.6）μg·m^-3,日均值的最高浓度值分别是国家二级标准的3.3、2.6、3.0和2.3倍;4个城市PM_2.5的主要组分都为NO₃^-和SOC,NO₃^-的浓度,NO₃^-/EC和NOR都随着污染等级的升高而显著升高,NO₃^-/EC和NOR的均值随着污染等级的升高总体上表现出郑州和洛阳略高于安阳和新乡;SOC的浓度和在OC中的占比及SOC/EC的比值都随着污染等级的升高而增大;从无机元素的浓度和富集程度来看,As在郑州最高,Mn和Fe在洛阳最高,Zn、Ni和Cr在安阳最高以及Cu和Pb在新乡最高;4个城市PM_2.5污染源为二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐、有机物、燃煤源、机动车源、扬尘源、生物质源和工艺过程源,二次硝酸盐的分担率在郑州（37.7%）最高,新乡（14.1%）机动车分担率最高,洛阳（7.0%）和安阳（6.8%）的工业过程源的分担率相对较高;郑州、洛阳、安阳和新乡分别有51.6%、49.2%、49.6%和46.3%的气流来自西北方向;郑州潜在污染区域主要集中在河南省,洛阳主要在河南省南部和汾渭平原,安阳和新乡则是主要在河南省和京津冀传输带上,另外安徽西北部、山东西南部、山西东南部和陕西北部也对安阳和新乡OC的污染造成了影响.