西安大气环境要素变化特征分析

利用1951年至2007年西安气象观测资料及2002年至2007年环境监测资料,对西安市大气环境要素进行分析。结果表明,（1）随着西安城市化进程的加快,和NOx年平均浓度变化具有明显增加的趋势。（2）从1951到2007,西安市气温增长了约2℃,仅21世纪以来,就增长了近1℃。热夜天数自上世纪90年代中期以来明显上升。2008年7月上旬西安市区与周边郊区地表温度温差约为8—10℃。（3）年平均风速,极大风速明显减小。分析认为,随着西安城市规模的扩大、人口的增加,高楼林立,城市下垫面发生巨大变化,使城市热容量增加,耗能增大,有效蒸发减少,增温明显,从而导致城市风速减小、大气污染物浓度增加、温度升高、热岛效应越来越显著。提出建立人工环境与自然环境协调一致的城市规划环境气候图,有效缓解因城市化进程引起的城市大气环境问题。     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polomum-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carders and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction ＜ 50μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction ＜ 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a diffused shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.     

Predicting As, Cd and Pb uptake by rice and vegetables using field data from China

Plant uptake factor (PUF), single-variable regression of natural log-transformed concentrations in rice grain/vegetables versus natural log-transformed concentrations in soil and multiple-variable regression with soil concentrations and pH, was derived, validated and compared based on the paired crop and soil data collected from studies regarding As, Cd and Pb contaminated croplands in China. Results showed that the median value of PUF did not present deterministic prediction. But after natural logarithm transformation, the PUF followed Gaussian distribution which could be useful in risk assessment. The single-variable regression models were significant for As, Cd and Pb uptake both by rice and vegetables; however, the standard errors of all the regressions were comparatively large. Soil pH as a variable was generally significant but it only contributed positively to model fit for Cd uptake. After model comparison and selection, the upper 95% prediction limits of the multiple regression model for Cd uptake by rice was recommended to calculate screening value of Cd for paddy soil based on the limit for Cd concentration in rice grain.     

水盐环境对黄河口淡水湿地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的影响

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)是土壤重要的营养元素,其生态化学计量特征可以反映土壤供肥能力和质量状况,在揭示生态系统稳态机制中具有重要作用.水盐环境对河口湿地生态化学计量特征具有重要影响,但土壤C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征对水盐环境变化的响应仍不清楚.以黄河口湿地为研究对象,采用土柱移位培养法,将淡水湿地土壤分别移位至不同潮滩部位(高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩)的盐沼湿地,研究水盐环境对C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征的影响.结果表明,移位23个月后,淡水湿地土壤含水量(SWC)和电导率(EC)与C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征均发生了不同程度的变化.土壤SWC在高潮滩和中潮滩降低(P<0.05),在低潮滩升高(P<0.05); EC在3种潮滩上均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05).土壤有机碳(TOC)和全氮(TN)在高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05),全磷(TP)则在中潮滩和高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05); C∶N在高潮滩和中潮滩及C∶P和N∶P在高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05); C、 N、 P生态化学计量比在低潮滩变化均不显著(P>0.05).水盐环境主要...     

Occurrence of human pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed by metagenomic approach: A case study from an aquatic environment

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.     

绿茶中28种元素含量测定的消解条件比较

前处理条件对准确测定样品中多矿质元素含量至关重要,本研究设置4种酸消解体系(HNO_3、HNO_3-H_2O_2、HNO_3-HF、HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2)及5组消解温度(100～120℃、100～120～140℃、100～130～150℃、100～130～160℃、100～120～140～160～180℃),探究不同消解条件对绿茶标准物质GBW10052中28种多元素浓度的影响。结果表明,不同酸消解体系及消解温度下的各元素浓度均有差异,相比Ca、K、Fe、Mg、Na等主量元素,As、Cr、Cs、Cd、Li、Ni、Se、Rb、Tb、Th、Tl、U、V、Y等微量及痕量元素浓度变化更显著。HNO_3中各元素浓度最低,14个元素的相对误差(Relative error,RE)大于25%;混合酸消解效果较好,相比于HNO_3,混合酸中大部分元素浓度更接近参考值。HNO_3-H_2O_2中,除Mo、U、Se、V、Si、Pb外,其余元素浓度增大,RE减小; HNO_3-HF中U、V、Si、Li、Zn、Sr、Cr等浓度继续增大,RE持续减小,As、Pb、Cd等浓度减小,RE增大; HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2中As、Pb、Cd等持续更减小,RE增大,其余元素浓度更接近参考值,与HNO_3-HF相比,HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2中各元素RE减小,但变化不显著。升温能促进溶液中部分多元素消解,以HNO_3-HF-H_2O_2为例,消解温度为100～140℃的体系对获取主量元素更有利;高温消解对微量及痕量元素影响较大,尤其是As、Pb、Cd、Cr等易挥发元素,当温度超过140℃时,As、Pb、Cd、Cr亏损严重,RE均高于25%。因此,应该根据目标元素选择相应的消解条件,从而提高分析结果的准确性。     

博斯腾湖表层沉积物元素地球化学特征及重金属污染评价

重金属是沉积物中一类非常典型的污染物,开展湖泊沉积物元素地球化学的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文对新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物(0—5 cm)中24种元素含量、粒度、有机碳含量(TOC)等进行了系统分析。受干旱区强蒸发作用的影响,博斯腾湖沉积物Ca、Sr、Mg含量高于新疆土壤元素背景值,Al、Fe、Mn及重金属元素等低于新疆土壤元素背景值。Al、K、Fe及重金属等元素主要受陆源细颗粒物质影响(4μm、4—16μm),Ba、Na受粗颗粒含量(63μm)影响,Ca、Sr、Mo、TOC主要来源于湖泊内生作用,与16—63μm颗粒组分相关。Q型聚类将采样点分为3个区域,第Ⅰ区为包括河口区、湖心区及东部湖区的大部分湖区,第Ⅱ区为湖区西侧黄水沟区,第Ⅲ区为湖区东南角。在空间上,重金属元素与细颗粒组分分布基本一致,而第Ⅱ区部分地区沉积物重金属已受到流域农田排水的影响。总体来说博斯腾湖沉积物重金属元素基本不构成污染。本研究可为湖泊沉积物元素地球化学研究提供参考,对博斯腾湖流域环境管理与规划也有重要价值。     

冬季北京城区大气重污染特征分析

为研究北京市城区大气重污染特征,对2013年12月~2014年2月期间北京市6次大气重污染过程的PM2.5浓度水平、化学组成以及大气氧化性和气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明,重污染日PM2.5平均质量浓度达到265.0μg/m3,是非重污染日的3.5倍。 PM2.5组分中NO3-,SO42-,NH4+和有机碳(OC)在重污染日的平均浓度分别是非重污染日的6.8,3.4,2.7和2.6倍。前3次过程中SO42-浓度最高,后3次过程中SO42-浓度与NO3-浓度接近。从气象要素来看,重污染期间的基本特征为地面温度升高、相对湿度增大、地面气压降低和风速减小。重污染日的能见度显著降低,平均能见度仅为非重污染日的34.4%。重污染日的大气氧化性明显增强,大气氧化剂OX平均浓度是非重污染日的1.5倍,(OC)/(EC)平均比值是非重污染日的1.6倍。     

基于环境磁学响应监测林地土壤中金属元素

采集并测试广州市林地土壤样品600余组,分析土壤中As、Cr、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和磁学性质的相关性。结果表明：土壤磁性颗粒以软磁性矿物为主,北部以超顺磁、多畴颗粒为主,南部以单畴、多畴颗粒为主。相关性分析表明：北部Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd与较粗的磁性颗粒共存,Cd与软磁性矿物共存,As与超顺磁颗粒共存且为自然源;南部相关关系不显著,Ni和As来源为人为源;不同污染程度土壤回归方程相关系数均较好,南部深〖CD*2〗浅层回归方程证明上述8种元素和磁性相关性不受自然来源或人类活动影响。     

南京市PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险

监测分析了南京市浦口区典型工业区(2016年12月—2017年10月)PM 2.5中金属元素的浓度,分析了季节差异及来源,评价了健康风险。结果表明,PM 2.5年均值为61.24μg/m 3,全年有33.33%的天数超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)的日均限值。绝大多数金属元素的平均值为:冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。As的全年平均值为(2.01±1.09)ng/m 3,较为接近我国环境标准限值。PM 2.5中金属元素主要来自工业排放、自然过程、金属冶炼及交通活动,Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的富集性较高。健康风险评价结果显示,Mn的非致癌风险最高,所有金属对儿童和成人的总非致癌风险值为0.0884,低于安全阈值1;Cr(Ⅵ)的致癌风险最高,所有金属对儿童和成人的总致癌风险分别为6.23×10-7和2.49×10-6,均在可接受水平内。