气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中的汽油及其组分含量

对土壤中的汽油,采用外标法,经吹扫捕吸仪浓缩后,用气相色谱-质谱法分析定量。同时,用峰面积归一化法,可以测定土壤中汽油的组分含量。     

Equity and productivity assessments in the Olifants River basin, South Africa

Emerging approaches to water resources development and management typically highlight equity and productivity as two main objectives. In the context of integrated water resources management within a river basin, managers and stakeholders often need a comparative assessment of different options for water augmentation and/or allocation. Pitting such options against predefined objectives, such as equity and productivity, requires an assessment of the effects that available options will have on these objectives. Available documentation indicates that not only does the interpretation of such objectives vary widely, but also the available methods for assessing equity and productivity run into significant limitations in the availability of adequate data. This limitation has largely kept decision makers from gaining a comprehensive overview of equity and productivity scenarios, whether within or across sectors, that could facilitate better‐informed decisions. To address this methodological gap, this article scrutinizes different notions associated with equity and water productivity, and limitations in prevalent assessment methods with the view to develop and demonstrate pragmatic methodologies for assessing equity and productivity in data‐scarce contexts. The discussion and findings are based on a review of relevant literature and empirical and consultative research work in the Olifants River basin in South Africa. The demonstrated methodologies for assessing equity and productivity, besides being useful in data‐scarce contexts, are insightful for initiating several policy measures and also for exploring the relationship between equity and water productivity.     

企业安全效益的量化

安全就是效益 ,而安全效益的量化问题一直是企业非常关心的问题。笔者通过安全效益的论述、量化分析 ,提出了企业安全效益由安全管理所创造的直接经济效益、间接经济效益、安全投入转化的经济效益、潜在经济效益四部分组成的新观点 ;推导出安全效益的量化公式 ,从而揭示了安全与效益的辩证统一关系 ;得出了安全效益从定性走向定量是必然的规律和安全效益完全可以进行量化计算的重要结论。     

地表水质灰关联评价中水环境质量系数的研究

分析和阐明地表水环境质量灰关联评价中关联度向量r中各分量的信息荷载,在满足定量、连续、分级的条件下构造了水环境质量系数C,C由首数水质级别数K和尾数水质差异E组成。水环境质量系数既能表示水质级别,又能准确区别同级水质差异。在应用特例中介绍了模糊级别的区分和级别跳跃现象。最后介绍了应用中注意的问题。     

流域生态补偿意愿的WTP与WTA差异性研究: 基于辽河中游地区居民的CVM调查

如何揭示利益相关者生态补偿的真实意愿不但是生态系统服务支付研究的难点问题,也是政府及管理部门制定生态补偿政策的关键问题。为此,论文通过对辽河流域中游地区的7个主要城市进行实地调研,采用条件价值评估法,利用同一受访者同时测量其支付意愿值(WTP)和受偿意愿值(WTA)的技术手段来检验其真实补偿意愿,研究结果显示,受访地区居民保护流域生态环境和水资源的WTP为59.39元／(人·a),WTA为248.56／(人·a);同时,针对同一受访者给出的WTP与WTA之间的较大差异性利用回归分析方法,得出其呈现不对称性的主要原因是受访者的收入水平和年龄。最后,在对研究结果进行差异性分析的基础上,提出了辽河流域生态补偿意愿差异性的研究结论和政策建议。     

国标法测定无色透明清洁水中硫化物错误的原因

硫化物在进行显色反应时,溶液中酸度的增高生成亚甲兰的产率也随之增加。国标法规定分析无色透明清洁水样时,不加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液,这样分析的结果不正确。正确的方法应与绘制标准曲线的操作步骤完全一样,需加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液。     

城市垃圾填埋中甲烷排放的研究——以南宁市为例

采用《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》中提供的质量平衡法和美国环境保护局填埋气排放模型(LandGEM)两种计算方法,参考1995～2006南宁市统计年鉴年间有关数据。对这11年间,南宁城市垃圾填埋所产生的甲烷量进行估算。结果表明,短期内城市垃圾填埋量变化缓慢,采用两种方法计算的结果都可行;当城市垃圾填埋量变化大,并且填埋时间比较长时,建议采用LandGEM模型计算出的结果。     

基于模糊综合评判法的矿山地质环境质量评价——以陕南铅锌矿为例

在明晰地质灾害频发、生态环境恶化、水土环境污染严重三位一体是陕南铅锌矿山地质环境质量最核心问题的基础上,构建了陕南铅锌矿地质环境质量评价体系;基于模糊综合评判法建立了评价模型,并运用AHP法计算评价指标体系权重。应用构建的评价指标体系和方法,对陕南8个典型铅锌矿的地质环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:其中5个铅锌矿地质环境质量为优;1个铅锌矿地质环境质量为良;2个铅锌矿地质环境质量为差。     

SH-A工艺处理煤焦油加工废水的研究

采用"SH-A节能型强化生物脱氮除碳工艺"进行煤焦油加工废水处理的研究,讨论了各个处理环节的运行情况和处理效果。经该工艺对煤焦油加工废水进行处理后,COD、NH-N和矿物油的去除率均可达到98%,色Cr 3度和酚的去除率均可达到99%,氰的去除率可达到95%,各项指标均可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级。     

Plant vintages, grandfathering, and environmental policy

Environmental regulations that grandfather existing plants, by not holding them to the same strict standards as new plants, may have the unintended consequence of retarding new investment. If new plants are cleaner, then this effect may increase pollution in the short run. I develop a dynamic model of a facility’s decisions over scrapping and abatement, which depend on capital depreciation, profitability shocks, and environmental policy. Using data from fossil fuel fired boilers at electric power plants, I estimate the structural parameters of the model and assess the impact of grandfathering in the Clean Air Act on sulfur dioxide emissions. Counterfactual policy simulations show that an increase in the stringency of performance standards would have led to a decrease in investment in new boilers. However, this does not lead to increased emissions, since there is less investment in dirtier coal boilers as compared to relatively cleaner oil or natural gas boilers.