A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery

An assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was used to screen the biological safety of reclaimed water which was reused as sole replenishment for scenic water system in a park (SOF Park) in northern China. A total of 24 water samples were collected from six sites of water system in the SOF Park in four different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) the reclaimed water directly discharged from a reclamation treatment plant near the SOF Park as influent of park had relatively low biological safety (all samples were ranked as C or D); (2) the biological safety of reclaimed water was improved greatly with the ecological reclamation treatment processes composing of artificial wetland system and followed oxidation pond system; (3) the biological safety of reclaimed water in the main lake of SOF Park kept at a health status during different seasons (all samples were ranked as A); (4) there was some certain correlation (R² = 0.5737) between the sum of toxicity scores and dissolved organic carbon for the studied water samples. It was concluded that the assessment method was reliable to screen the safety of reclaimed water reused as scenic water, and the reclaimed water with further ecological purification processes such as artificial wetland and oxidation pond system can be safely reused as scenic water in park.     

Ames试验对海产贝类遗传毒性的检测

采用Ames试验结合小白鼠生物学试验对贝类腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,DSP)的提取物进行了遗传毒性初步研究。结果表明:4份贝类样品不同程度地受到了遗传毒物的污染,7份贝类样品受到腹泻性贝毒污染。同时本文也从实践上证明在我国海洋环境监测开展Ames试验对贝类遗传毒性检测具有极为重要的意义。     

水源水雄激素受体干扰效应及在水处理工艺中的变化

我国很多饮用水源水已检测出雌激素受体干扰效应,但是其他效应如雄激素受体干扰效应却罕见报道。为了弥补这方面资料的缺乏,应用雄激素受体双杂交酵母结合S9代谢方法评价了我国6大流域23个水源地水源水以及3个供水厂不同工艺出水样品的雄激素受体干扰效应。结果显示,所有水源水样品浓缩液均没有检测出雄激素受体直接或间接诱导效应,但都观察到了抑制效应,抑制效应以抑制剂氟他胺当量浓度进行表征:直接抑制效应在0.67~3.68μg·L-1之间,间接抑制效应在0.52~3.02μg·L-1之间;长江三角洲和淮河流域水源地的水源水雄激素抑制效应明显高于其他流域;经S9代谢后,有16个水源地的氟他胺当量比代谢前降低。3个饮用水厂处理工艺能够使源水的雄激素受体抑制效应降低19.1%~70.5%。研究表明,我国水源水中普遍含有雄激素受体干扰效应物质,目前水厂常规处理工艺对雄激素受体干扰效应有一定的去除效果,但不能完全去除。雄激素受体双杂交酵母测试能够快速、综合地对水体中的雄激素受体干扰效应进行评价,是饮用水安全评价的重要补充手段。     

Ecotoxicological investigations of extremely acidic mining lakes using bioassays suitable for testing at low pH

In this investigation different bioassays were used to detect the physiological and genotoxic effects of water samples of mining lakes. Especially bioassays with higher plants were used like the duckweed bioassay with Lemna minor, the cress bioassay with Lepidium sativum, the Tradescantia‐micronucleus bioassay and the Arabidopsis bioassay. In addition the algae‐motility bioassay with Euglena gracilis were used. All these bioassays were found to be suitable to investigate mining lake samples of extreme acidic character. Four mining lakes (ML 107, ML 111, ML 117, ML F) were selected. They show equally low pH‐values, but differ in size, age, hydro‐chemical and biological state. The results demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate the mining lakes based on the results of bioassays. Samples of ML 107 and 111 showed significant physiological and genotoxic effects. Water samples of both lakes caused severe damages and decreased growth at the same dilution level in all plant bioassays. ML F causes different effects on bioassays. The highest negative effect was observed on root development of L. sativum. ML 117 did not show any effects on duckweed, algae, Tradescantia or Arabidopsis bioassays. There was only a slight effect on the root development in the cress bioassay.     

Application of standard statistical methods in the analysis of complex data generated from soil bioassays to assess the impacts of agrochemical-containing sludge amendments

The use of sludge as soil amendment is widely encouraged by its high contents in organic matter and plant nutrients. Nevertheless, agrochemicals potentially present in sludge could be harmful to terrestrial ecosystems. The present work aimed to apply standard statistical methods for suitable assessment of the ecotoxicological impacts of sludge amendments on soil, involving the following factors: the type of treated sludge, their application dose, and their contents in agrochemicals. Terrestrial Model Ecosystems were used to assess the effects of sludge amendments on endpoints from different trophic levels of the soil ecosystem, including an in vitro estrogenic bioassay on soil leachates. Here, we show the significant negative effects of the highest dose of sludge in most of the soil bioassays. Thermally dried sludge increased significantly the microbial activity leading to lower contamination of leachates with endocrine disrupting molecules. Agrochemicals contents of sludge have only significant impacts on increasing the delay of germination of plant seeds. Soil bioassays are thus complementary to sludge chemical analysis when the impacts of its application on soil should be assessed: significant negative impacts were related to the intrinsic composition of sludge rather than its agrochemicals contents. We conclude that standard statistical methods are relevant tools for the analysis of complex data generated from this type of experiment.     

Evaluation of soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand for soil-related reuse

The relationship between the chemical con- taminants and soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand （WFS） was investigated. Five different types of WFS from typical ferrous, aluminum, and steel foundries in China were examined for total metals, leachable metals, and organic contaminants. The soil microbial toxicity of each WFS was evaluated by measuring the dehydrogenase activity （DHA） of a blended soil and WFS mixture and then comparing it to that of unblended soil. The results show that the five WFSs had very different compositions of metal and organic contaminants and thus exhibited very different levels of soil microbial inhibition when blended with soil. For a given WFS blended with soil in the range of 10wt.%-50wt.% WFS, the DHA decreased almost linearly with increased blending ratio. Furthermore, for a given blending ratio, the WFSs with higher concentrations of metal and organic contaminants exhibited greater microbial toxicity. Correlation analysis shows that the relationship between ecotoxicity and metal and organic contaminants of WFSs can be described by an empirical logarithmic linear model. This model may be used to control WFS blending ratios in soil-related applications based on chemical analysis results to prevent significant inhibition of soil microbial activity.     

海南省近岸海域麻痹性贝毒素分析

通过对近年来海南省近岸海域贝类样品的麻痹性贝毒素小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱法检测结果的分析,表明海南省近岸海域多处地区和多种贝类含有麻痹性贝毒素;海口海域的麻痹性贝毒素含量值相对较高;各主要成分在壳内全部软组织中的检出率高于在消化腺中的检出率;未检出STX成分;GTX4、GTX2、GTX5和GTX3等是主要成分。     

利用紫露草微核效应检测工业废水技术的研究

利用紫露草微核技术检测废水微核效应,往往会遇到因废水pH值过高、过低,或由于废水成分复杂、毒性大,难以进行微核检测。为此,作者研究了有关的技术,取得了理想的结果。研究结果表明,调节废水pH值会使废水中金属离子价态发生改变而改变其化学形态,所以在进行微核检测时,以不调pH值的原状态废水为最好。废水在一定剂量范围内对紫露草微核具有诱变作用,所以处理剂量要视废水的毒性、pH值的不同而不同。最好在检测前作好预实验,找出处理紫露草花序的适宜剂量;同时还要以四分体中不出现死细胞为宜。     

白洋淀地区污染状况的生物毒性评价

从1992年10月到1994年4月先后几次对白洋淀集水区,包括淀区及排污河道等十几个样点进行了水样采集和多指标生物毒性检验。选用的生物组合包括：荧光发光菌（Photobacteriumphosphorum）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmusobliqnus）和大型（Daphiniamagna）,罗非鱼（Tilapiamossambica）鱼肝细胞毒性检验,结果表明大部分样品对光合藻有明显刺激生长的作用。污水库沿线和安新县排污渠水样对浮游动物有毒性作用。府河沿线的水样仅对鱼肝细胞有毒性作用,对发光菌无明显抑制。这些潜在的生物毒性效应是否会影响白洋淀淀区的水生生态系统,需进一步深入研究。