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41.
Since the early 1970s, Singapore has enacted a number of measures to tackle traffic congestion, including measures to restrain vehicle ownership. Although Singapore's per capita GDP is comparable to that of OECD countries, the present car-ownership level in Singapore (10 cars per 100 people) is only a fraction of levels in the OECD countries. Traffic flow in this city-State is relatively smooth, even during peak hours. Although the measures taken were aimed primarily at tackling traffic congestion, they have had other positive impacts, such as reducing energy consumption, air pollution and CO2 emissions. This article presents an overview of the transportation measures and initiatives in Singapore, and analyses two of the transport demand management measures in detail: the vehicle restraint measure, in particular the unique vehicle quota system introduced in 1990; and the two road pricing systems, i.e. the area licensing scheme (ALS) that operated from 1974 to 1998, and the electronic road pricing system (ERP) that went into operation in 1998. Energy and environmental impacts are then discussed, and finally factors contributing to the success of these schemes. Although certain conditions are unique to Singapore, the experience shows that substantial energy and environmental benefits can be achieved through managing urban transportation system in an integrated and innovative way. 相似文献
42.
The size of particles in urban air varies over four orders of magnitude (from 0.001 μm to 10 μm in diameter). In many cities
only particle mass concentrations (PM10, i.e. particles <10 μm diameter) is measured. In this paper we analyze how differences
in emissions, background concentrations and meteorology affect the temporal and spatial distribution of PM10 and total particle
number concentrations (PNC) based on measurements and dispersion modeling in Stockholm, Sweden. PNC at densely trafficked
kerbside locations are dominated by ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm diameter) due to vehicle exhaust emissions as verified by
high correlation with NOx. But PNC contribute only marginally to PM10, due to the small size of exhaust particles. Instead
wear of the road surface is an important factor for the highest PM10 concentrations observed. In Stockholm, road wear increases
drastically due to the use of studded tires and traction sand on streets during winter; up to 90% of the locally emitted PM10
may be due to road abrasion. PM10 emissions and concentrations, but not PNC, at kerbside are controlled by road moisture.
Annual mean urban background PM10 levels are relatively uniformly distributed over the city, due to the importance of long
range transport. For PNC local sources often dominate the concentrations resulting in large temporal and spatial gradients
in the concentrations. Despite these differences in the origin of PM10 and PNC, the spatial gradients of annual mean concentrations
due to local sources are of equal magnitude due to the common source, namely traffic. Thus, people in different areas experiencing
a factor of 2 different annual PM10 exposure due to local sources will also experience a factor of 2 different exposure in
terms of PNC. This implies that health impact studies based solely on spatial differences in annual exposure to PM10 may not
separate differences in health effects due to ultrafine and coarse particles. On the other hand, health effect assessments
based on time series exposure analysis of PM10 and PNC, should be able to observe differences in health effects of ultrafine
particles versus coarse particles. 相似文献
43.
用超细玻璃纤维滤膜采集杭州市某道路上机动车排放的苯并(a)芘,经超声萃取,高速离心后直接进HPLC分析。在选定的色谱条件下,苯并(a)芘与其他多环芳烃完全分离,绝对进样量在0.8~0.02 ng时线性良好,相关系数为0.99979,最小检出量0.8 pg,加标回收率87.5%~93.8%。 相似文献
44.
Martin Braniš 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):49-60
To assess the effect of changes in traffic density and fuels used for heating at the beginning of the 1990s, 1992–2005 monthly
averages of PM10, SO2, NO2, NO, CO and O3 from Prague, the Czech capital, were analyzed together with long term trends in emissions of major pollutants, fuel consumption
and number of vehicles registered in Prague. The data from all monitoring stations were retrieved from the database of the
state automated monitoring system. Correlation coefficients between ambient monthly averaged temperature and all pollutants
of concern showed distinct seasonal trends. The results showed that while SO2 and to some extent also CO concentrations dropped namely in the first half of the analyzed period (1992–1997) as a result
decreased fossil fuel consumption for local heating, the behaviour of other pollutant concentrations followed a different
pattern. PM10 concentrations decreased during the beginning of the 1990s but showed a sign of increase after 2000. Concentrations of ozone
and NO2 did not reveal any significant change throughout the whole studied period. It can be concluded that during the studied period
traditional urban sources of pollution, such as coal and oil combustion, lost their importance but were simultaneously substituted
by pollutants from automotive transport (namely PM and NO2) making the problem of air quality even worse. 相似文献
45.
46.
47.
基于L-M神经网络的道路交通噪声预测研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
神经网络具有很强的预测功能.根据石家庄公路交通噪声的实测数据,利用L-M优化算法的多层神经网络预测模型进行道路交通噪声的预测,经检验,计算值与实测值接近,预测精度令人满意. 相似文献
48.
Introduction: With the significant number of motor-vehicle fatalities occurring on the nation’s roadways in recent years, there exists a need to integrate a more complete range of data sources, available at a regional or statewide level, to effectively evaluate existing safety concerns and quantify their impacts. Crash data alone does not provide ample crash-associated citation, injury, and roadway characteristics; therefore, a more cohesive dataset is required to accurately and completely analyze the true impacts of motor-vehicle crashes. Previously developed strategies linked crash data with citation and roadway inventory data to enhance the identification and optimization of highway safety strategies. Method: The main objective of this research focused on developing a new deterministic linkage between crash and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data, by utilizing the Massachusetts Crash Data System (CDS) and the Massachusetts Ambulance Trip Record Information System (MATRIS). Results: After several iterations of match criterion, the validated linkage successfully matched 58.3% of MATRIS records (containing an Injury Cause of Motor Vehicle Crash) to a CDS person record (55011 linked pairs, between 2014 and 2016). The data linkage provided significant insight into injury trends in several highway safety emphasis areas such as roadway departure, speeding-related, and distraction-affected crashes. The findings from this research are twofold: (1) an established process for linking previously separate data sets, and (2) a mechanism for analysis that provides decision-makers and safety professionals with a better measure of crash outcomes. 相似文献
49.
Naima Chabbi 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1985,28(2):92-98
The following is a summary of work carried out in urban planning design at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. The main objectives of the study were to identify those factors which condition the use of a street and to understand the physical and emotional impacts of the street and its different characteristics upon its users; eventually this led to establishing facts involving the criteria which contribute to making streets which would enrich peoples’ experience and would contribute to the urban life and excitement of all. 相似文献
50.
Susanna T. Y. Tong 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):107-113
Roadside dusts and soils were collected from various nonindustrial districts in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, and analyzed for lead
and copper contents. Results showed that the recent lead phase-down action has reduced the level of lead, but the concentrations
of both metals are still higher than the background levels for normal soil. Elevated concentrations of copper in heavily traveled
highways were noted, suggesting that much of the copper pollutants is probably of automotive origin. The concentration of
lead was found to vary with housing age, and higher levels of contamination in the older neighborhoods were observed. This
result is probably ascribable to the accumulation of residues from leaded gasoline and lead-based paint in the past and the
use of coal fire for space heating in older houses. 相似文献