城市交通环境空气质量评价的灰色层次方法

本文分析了城市交通环境空气影响因素,提出了一套评价指标体系,并应用灰色理论和层次分析法建立了环境空气质量评价的灰色层次评估法。     

城市道路中央隔离设施的交通安全与景观研究

笔者从道路交通事故和景观方面 ,研究道路中央隔离设施的功能与特征。首先 ,利用对某城市道路中央有无隔离带情况下记录的交通事故数据 ,进行交通安全统计比较分析 ;其次 ,分别利用层次分析法和语言分级评价法 ,对城市道路中央双黄线、中央护栏隔离和中央绿化隔离 3种情况的景观进行分析 ;最后 ,通过综合分析给出分析结果 ,即中央绿化隔离、中央栅栏隔离带和双黄线隔离的评价顺序。     

对“撞了白撞”问题的思考

在《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》公布前后有关“撞了白撞”被否决的宣传对交通安全不利。“撞了白撞”的演绎存在片面性 ,“撞了白撞”被否决的宣传不符合自然科学规律 ,存在理论上的误区。人们应该清楚的认识到 :获得交通事故损害赔偿并非获得了交通安全保障 ;行人、非机动车等交通“弱者”在一定条件下可转化为交通“强者”。对法律、法规的宣传 ,既要讲究法律原则和社会道德准则 ,也要讲究科学性。     

An empirical investigation of European drivers' self-assessment

PROBLEM: Evaluating motorists through self-assessment has attracted much interest in recent literature, which is mainly due to the profound impact various parameters of self-assessment can have on the way motorists deal with hazardous traffic situations. Much of the previous work in this area has been hampered both by the lack of adequate sample sizes and, because of the small samples, the evaluation methodologies used. METHOD: This paper extends previous research in two significant directions: (a) it uses the SARTRE 2 database, which provides more than 17,000 questionnaires from most European countries; and (b) it employs the ordered probit modeling approach, which recognizes the latent nature of self-assessment and explicitly links its dimensions to a set of relevant explanatory variables such as age, gender, region, and income. RESULTS: The results indicate that drivers who rate themselves as both more dangerous and faster than others are, generally, younger men, with higher incomes, break the speed limit more frequently, avoid wearing seat belts, and have been involved in more accidents in the past than other drivers. Interestingly, more experienced and more highly educated drivers assess their driving as less dangerous, but admit to driving faster than other drivers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The methodology used and the results obtained can be a significant help in identifying drivers with high and low self-assessment ratings, which can be useful in planning and implementing road safety information campaigns.     

Comparison of young male and female drivers' attitude and self-reported traffic behaviour in Finland in 1978 and 2001

Problem: This study evaluates how the traffic behaviors of young drivers and their attitudes toward traffic regulations have changed over the last 23 years, and particularly, whether the differences in attitudes and behavior between male and female drivers have changed. Method: The study was conducted in 2001, and it replicated a traffic attitude survey administered in 1978. The same survey was used, enabling comparison between the years. The number of respondents was 3,158 in 1978 and 2,759 in 2001. Results: The comparison revealed several differences regarding the background factors, attitudes, and driving style of novice drivers. Most obvious changes in the drivers' background were the changes in education level (higher today), driver training (more private training today), and exposure/experience in terms of kilometers (more today). The summary variable measured that the young drivers showed more negative attitudes toward traffic rules and safe driving in 2001 compared to 1978. Female drivers drove less than males and evaluated their driving skill lower. Female drivers were less involved in accidents and they committed less traffic offenses than males (kilometrage controlled). Female drivers showed a more positive attitude toward traffic safety and rules than males. The difference in traffic attitudes and behavior between males and females in 1978 compared to 2001 remained the same or even increased somewhat.     

环境与道路交通

道路上行驶的机动车辆对环境造成噪音和尾气污染,对此,提出了行之有效的对策和措施。     

城郊道路交通带状多线源污染扩散模式研究

为研究适用于路面宽,等级高的城郊道路大气污染扩散模式,以Ｃａｌｉｎｅ－３有阴长线源污染扩散模式为基础,并以上海浦东新区道路网为实例,将带状线源的概念引入线源扩散模式研究,建立了新的带状多线源污染扩散模式,分析了气象条件,初始扩散,道路基本工程参数对大气污染扩散的影响,引用实例数据,对所建立的ＢＭＬＳＭ模式进行了检验,并与Ｃａｌｉｎｅ－２模式进行了对比。结果表明,采用本研究建立的带状多线源污染扩散模     

高速公路交通事故成因分析及对策研究

高速公路因其独特的行车环境 ,其交通事故损失十分巨大 ,研究成因分析具有十分重要的意义。影响高速公路安全的因素很多 ,以往的分析 ,只是从定性的角度 ,没有给出定量方面的具体研究。笔者从系统科学的观点出发 ,对我国高速公路交通事故进行统计分析 ,综合考虑交通参与者、车辆、道路以及行车环境 ,运用层次分析法对主要成因进行分析。结果显示 ,驾驶员因素、外部行车环境 ,尤其是先进的管理技术等占有很大的比重。笔者提出了相关的解决措施及对策建议 ,主观上应该加强对驾驶人员的安全教育培训 ;客观上应该提高车辆、道路的技术水平 ,同时加强高科技技术在事故管理中的应用 ,建立先进的高速公路交通事故管理系统。     

交通事故发生规律与城市道路系统的规划设计研究

笔者分析了城市交通事故发生率与道路等级、道路断面形式、路网密度、交叉口形式、道路车速的关系及交通事故人群的分布规律,认为道路宽而稀、支路缺乏、街道功能不清是我国城市道路网与用地微观布局的基本特点。大量数据分析表明,这种路网体系与我国的城市交通事故率偏高有着密切关系。路网规划是城市路网建设的基本依据,笔者认为,应当将降低城市交通事故率作为路网规划的考虑内容之一,同时指出,应在路网规划中合理选择道路断面形式、交叉口形式,建议适度加密路网、健全支路体系、理清街道功能,并考虑城市道路的车速控制与驾驶心态调整。     

基于TCT的平面交叉口安全评价方法研究

事故率法是评价平面交叉口交通安全水平常用的方法之一,但因其存在基于事故统计方法固有的因事故的稀有性而使评价周期过长、因事故统计的不完全性致使评价结论欠真、缺乏事故严重性程度的考虑等缺点。笔者针对事故率法评价交叉口安全水平存在的上述问题,在概要介绍交通冲突技术并对交通冲突技术的有效性进行分析的基础上,提出了使事故率法与交通冲突技术相结合,用交通冲突代替交通事故改善交叉口事故率法的理论设想。进而,结合质量控制法,研究了同类型交叉口的交通冲突率的临界值的确定,提出了基于交通冲突技术和交叉口交通冲突率的评价方法。