温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30%,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑顠体虫,创造条件以观察红斑顠体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑顠体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个/mL和200个/mL,同时,红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑顠体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑顠体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个/mL和50个/mL可分别作为红斑顠体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑顠体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

垃圾堆体固有渗透与孔隙度协同演化特征实验研究

为探讨上覆载荷作用下垃圾堆体渗透特性的变化规律,采用自制的生活垃圾渗透率/孔隙度测试实验装置,研究了不同载荷、不同压实密度及不同含水率对垃圾堆体固有渗透率和孔隙度变化规律的影响,并构建了固有渗透率与孔隙度之间的协同表征模型。结果表明,压实密度与上覆载荷呈指数递增的变化形式;随着含水率的增大,垃圾固有渗透率显著降低;垃圾固有渗透率随孔隙度的减小呈现指数递减,传统K-C模型无法描述这一变化规律,而幂函数形式(κ=AnB)和线性形式(lg(κ)=a+blg(n))2种协同表征模型均与实验结果达到了良好的拟合效果,验证了2种模型的可靠性;随着模型尺度的增大,固有渗透率从10-15m2量级增加至10-12m2量级,孔隙度从0.378增加至0.685。     

MAPPING TROPICAL DEFORESTATION IN CENTRAL AFRICA

The NASA Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project was to map deforestation activities in the humid tropics using datasets from both the Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and MSS (Multispectral Scanner System). In Central Africa, its effort had been constrained by the availability of cloud-free satellite coverage, especially for the 1970s Landsat MSS imagery. Here, we reported the deforestation rate and its spatial variability in the region using 18 pairs of co-registered Landsat TM imagery from the 1980s to 1990s. Of the total classified area of 416000 km, there were approximately 217000 km² of dense forest and 24000 km² of degraded forest in the 1980s. A total of 1012 km² of forest, including 542 km² of dense forest and 470 km² of degraded forest, were cleared annually with an annual deforestation rate of 0.42%, varying among scenes ranging from 0.03 to 2.72%. Additionally, an average of 0.12% (ranging from 0.01 to 0.77% among scenes) or 257 km² of dense forest was degraded annually. Regression analyses indicated that extensive deforestation occurred in areas with larger forest cover, including dense and degraded forests. Image interpretation also confirmed the hypothesized relationship between deforestation and forest accessibility. The annual clearance of the dense forest was significantly related to the rural population density, and there was a positive relationship between the dense forest degraded during the 1980s–1990s and the degraded forest area in the 1980s.     

辽宁省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究

为全面评估辽宁省关键大气污染物排放状况,系统收集和整理全省基础活动水平信息,采用排放因子法建立了该省2012年人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2012年辽宁省SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM10、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC及NH_3排放总量分别为1434.8×10~3、1632.3×10~3、6682.9×10~3、1529.9×10~3、1087.8×10~3、74.5×10~3、176.1×10~3t及880.4×10~3t.BC和OC最大贡献源为生物质燃烧源,排放集中分布在辽宁中、西部;NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖与化肥施用,排放高值区位于辽宁中部农业畜牧业发达地区;其他污染物主要来自固定燃烧源和工艺过程源,集中分布在辽宁中部城市群以及大连金州区、甘井子区和普兰店区.大连、沈阳是SO_2、NO_x、NH_3和颗粒物主要排放城市,鞍山和本溪由于钢铁行业发达,成为CO排放量最大的城市.基于卫星观测获得的NO_2垂直柱浓度对NO_x排放空间分布进行评估,两者相关性系数为0.57(p0.01).辽宁省级排放清单与国家尺度排放清单在一定程度存在差异,主要原因在于采用的活动水平和污染物控制效率的不同,基于详细本地化污染源信息建立的省级排放清单可以较好地反映实际情况.建议完善点源排放特征信息并加强本地化测试,进一步降低省级排放清单不确定性.     

Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Providing clean water at relevant quality and quantity is a challenge that regulatory authorities have to face in metropolitan cities that seem to develop at their limits of sustainability. Istanbul strives to face such a challenge for its population of over 10 million, through six surface water resources. Two approaches of classification for the reservoirs are presented, one based on current regulations and an alternative based on a more detailed classification. The results have shown that nutrient control is the primary issue, and one of the reservoirs has already exceeded the limits of being eutrophic, one is at mesotrophic conditions, and the remaining four are at the limit of being eutrophic, indicating the significance of making the correct decision and taking pertinent measures for management and control. It has been observed that the only mesotrophic resource, which also has the best general quality class, has no industry and a very low population density, whereas the one that is already eutrophic is also the one with the lowest quality class, has the highest population density, and has the greatest percentage of urban land use within its watershed.     

Optimal hardwood tree planting and forest reclamation policy on reclaimed surface mine lands in the Appalachian coal region

We study the optimal hardwood tree planting decision on reclaimed surface coal mines in the Appalachian region using a mine operator-focused, expected cost model that recognizes costs of preparing the site for tree planting, unit costs of planting seedlings, and opportunity costs of reforestation treatments and the performance bond. We also consider the possibility of failed initial attempts by incorporating the probability of reforestation success, based on empirical seedling ,survival rates and regulated tree survival standards, as well as fixed and unit costs of returning for additional planting. Optimal planting levels from 319 to 780 trees per acre and expected costs from $1049 to $2338 were found using simulations over a range of unit planting costs, fixed costs of replanting, tree survival standards, and interest rates. Further simulations compared optimal planting across un-weathered gray sandstone and weathered brown sandstone substrate materials, finding gray sandstone to be associated with lower expected costs. We conclude that optimal planting density and expected reforestation cost are sensitive to economic parameters, regulations, and planting substrate materials; and those policies influencing these factors may have substantial impact on reforestation outcomes and the choice of post-mining land use by mine operators. Our study provides a framework for understanding forest reclamation decisions that incorporates incentives faced by the mine operators who develop and implement the plans for mine reclamation, including forestry.     

分层异重流对香溪河库湾主要营养盐补给作用分析

为弄清分层异重流对三峡水库支流库湾主要营养盐的补给过程,通过分析2011年7月19日香溪河库湾常量离子、营养盐等监测数据,利用物质守恒规律,借用常量离子Cl-估算了分层异重流倒灌水量,计算了香溪河上游径流和水库干流倒灌对回水区氮、磷、硅负荷的贡献.研究表明:水库干流中的Na+、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、SO24-等离子浓度比香溪河上游径流高,在香溪河库湾中自河口至上游逐渐降低,Mg2+相反;SO24-、Cl-、Na+等离子空间分布差异显著,能够作为示踪离子;水库干流倒灌流量与上游径流流量比为12.59∶1;由长江干流倒灌输入的TN、TP、D-Si通量分别为54.97、3.53和221.90 t.d-1,香溪河上游径流输入通量依次为3.00、0.57和10.02 t.d-1;干流倒灌输入TN、TP、D-Si贡献率分别高达94.83%、86.13%和95.68%,沿河口逆向上游,干流倒灌对香溪河库湾营养盐的补给作用逐渐减小.     

闽江口沼泽植被地上鲜生物量与植株密度高光谱遥感估算

湿地植被地上生物量与湿地生态系统生产力、碳循环和养分循环等密切相关,是当前研究中的主要关注点之一。利用ASDFieldSpec2500 便携式地物波谱仪测定闽江口鳝鱼滩芦苇（Phragmites australis）和短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis Lam. var. brevifolius Bocklr.）冠层反射光谱,同时测定其地上鲜生物量和植株密度,分析地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱及一阶微分光谱的相关关系,确定敏感波段,进而改进植被指数;利用回归分析法,基于各个植被指数,构建地上鲜生物量和植株密度的估算模型。结果表明,芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量与冠层反射光谱在蓝光、红光及近红外波段相关性较高;与一阶微分光谱在蓝边、红边相关性较好;芦苇地上鲜生物量与冠层光谱和一阶微分光谱的相关系数均优于短叶茳芏。芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量估算模型R2分别在0.408 5~0.765 和0.101 9~0.315 3 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有BNDVI、NDCI和MGBNDVI,最佳估算参数均为BNDVI;植株密度估算模型R2分别在0.093 0~0.718 和0.138 9~0.233 7 之间,估算精度相对于其他参数较高的参数主要有GBNDVI、BNDVI、MGBNDVI、NDCI 及SR, 最佳估算参数分别为GBNDVI和NDCI。一定程度上来说,利用高光谱数据估算河口芦苇和短叶茳芏地上鲜生物量和植株密度是可行的。     

脉冲放电等离子体治理炼油厂恶臭气体研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对炼油厂恶臭气体中代表性污染物———硫化氢、乙硫醇的去除进行了试验,试验规模4～16m3·h-1 采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV.试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度、处理气量、背景气体各单因素对去除率的影响.结果表明:硫化氢几乎完全去除,乙硫醇最大去除率为84%;在有正己烷背景气体存在时,乙硫醇的去除可不受低浓度背景气体影响;在高浓背景气体情况下,乙硫醇的去除率有所降低,硫化氢也有类似规律;硫化氢和乙硫醇中硫元素主要转化为二氧化硫.结合恶臭气体去除率与能量密度、进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得硫化氢和乙硫醇的氧化速率常数分别为0 042和0 034L·J-1,为进一步反应器优化、放大设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.     

黄海西部降水pH值的年度及季节统计特征

采用内核密度估计方法对黄海西部降水pH值年度/季节特征进行了分析.结果显示,降水pH值年度内核密度估计图相似,呈典型双态分布,以低pH值峰为主.季节性分布特征春、夏、冬季相近,低pH值峰为主,秋季高pH值峰为主.该海域降水pH值特征是陆源输入与海源输入相互影响的结果.根据数据非正态分布特点,采用bootstrap模拟取样获得的降水pH代表值显示,黄海西部降水总体呈弱酸雨特征,年度与季节性pH代表值都呈弱酸性,且年度降水pH值变化范围要大于季节性变化,降水酸性依次为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,季节性特征较显著.