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91.
包容性区域创新体系研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
实现包容性增长是中国未来发展的必然选择,其关键在于为长期处于社会网络边缘的贫困人群提供平等参与的机会.包容性创新充分利用贫困人群中蕴藏的巨大消费、生产、创业潜力,既为企业带来难以模仿的竞争优势,又让穷人参与到价值创造的过程中,帮助其公平合理地分享经济增长.但包容性创新活动面临着市场信息匮乏、知识和技能不足、制度体系不完善、基础设施落后、金融服务欠缺等特殊挑战,需要包容性区域创新体系为其提供支撑.包容性区域创新体系由创新主体子系统、创新支撑子系统、创新环境子系统三个子系统构成,在技术选择、改进与扩散,当地信息获取,知识传播和吸收,信任合作关系确立等方面发挥作用,并为包容性创新活动提供完善的基础设施,教育与培训体系,健全有效的制度环境以及必要的金融服务.为构建一个以消除贫困为导向的包容性区域创新体系,政府需要从提供有益于包容性创新的制度框架,消除包容性创新面临的特有障碍,提高包容性区域创新提供的效率与扩散范围以及增加贫困群体能力等四个方面入手. 相似文献
92.
富营养化水体中铵态氮对金鱼藻生长的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过控制pH(7和9)范围以区分分子态氨(NH3)和离子态氨(NH+4),研究了不同浓度铵态氮(NH+4 N)对金鱼藻生长的影响。研究结果表明:金鱼藻〖JP+1〗相对生长速率的变化范围为每天-010~003。在分子态氨浓度小于022 mg/L时,铵态氮对金鱼藻的毒性是由离子态氨和分子态氨共同作用。在分子态氨达到最大浓度439 mg/L时,〖JP〗金鱼藻的生长速率显著减少,直至死亡。随着铵态氮浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,金鱼藻体内碳氮比下降,叶绿素含量下降,光合作用减弱,相对生长速率下降。试验结果为合理利用金鱼藻来改善水质提供科学依据,同时也为研究分子态氨对沉水植物的胁迫作用提供参考。 相似文献
93.
Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Air samples in four seasons at one site and tree bark samples from four districts were determined to investigate seasonal variation and regional distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Beijing, China. The total concentrations of PBDEs (∑PBDE) and HBCD (∑HBCD) were in the range of 57-470 and 20-1800 pg m−3 in the atmosphere, respectively. The ∑PBDE and ∑HBCD concentrations were significantly influenced by the total suspended particulate matter in atmosphere. The total concentrations of PBDEs and HBCD in tree bark samples were in the range of 99-3700 and 26-3400 ng g−1 lipid weight. It was found that regional distribution of PBDEs and HBCD was related to the function of each district. In addition, the study found that weeping willow bark was an ideal atmospheric PBDEs and HBCD passive sampler. Finally, atmospheric levels of BDE-209 and HBCD at tree bark sampling districts were estimated via applying an established bark/air partitioning model, which had been verified by the measured concentrations in tree bark and atmosphere in Beijing. 相似文献
94.
Tree barks were used as biomonitors to evaluate past atmospheric pollution within and around the industrial zones of Strasbourg (France) and Kehl (Germany) in the Rhine Valley. The here estimated residence time for trace metals, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in tree bark is >10 years. Thus, all pollution observed by tree bark biomonitoring can be older than 10 years. The PCB baseline concentration (sum of seven PCB indicators (Σ7PCBind)) determined on tree barks from a remote area in the Vosges mountains is 4 ng g−1 and corresponds to 0.36 × 10−3 ng toxic equivalent (TEQ) g−1 for the dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs). The northern Rhine harbor suffered especially from steel plant, waste incinerator and thermal power plant emissions. The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) concentrations analyzed in tree barks from this industrial area range between 392 and 1420 ng kg−1 dry-weight (dw) corresponding to 3.9 ng TEQPCDD/Fs kg−1 to 17.8 ng TEQPCDD/Fs kg−1, respectively. Highest PCDD/F values of 7.2 ng TEQ kg−1 to 17.8 ng TEQ kg−1 have been observed close to and at a distance of <2 km southwest of the chemical waste incinerator. However, very close to this incinerator lowest TEQ dioxin-like PCB (TEQDL-PCB) values of 0.006 ng TEQ g−1 have been found. On the other hand close to and southwest and northeast of the steel plant the values are comparatively higher and range between 0.011 ng TEQ g−1 and 0.026 ng TEQ g−1. However, even stronger Σ7PCBind enrichments have been observed at a few places in the city center of Kehl, where ΣDL-PCB values of up to 0.11 ng TEQ g−1 have been detected. These enrichments, however, are the result of ancient pollutions since recent long-term measurements at the same sites indicate that the atmospheric PCB concentrations are close to baseline. Emissions from an old landfill of waste and/or great fires might have been the reasons of these PCB enrichments. Other urban environments of the cities of Kehl and Strasbourg show significantly lower Σ7PCBind concentrations. They suffer especially from road and river traffic and have typically Σ7PCBind concentrations ranging from 11 ng g−1 to 29 ng g−1. The PCB concentration of 29 ng g−1 has been found in tree bark close to the railway station of Strasbourg. Nevertheless, the corresponding TEQDL-PCB are low and range between 0.2 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1 and 7 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1. Samples collected near road traffic are enriched in Fe, Sb, Sn and Pb. Cd enrichments were found close to almost all types of industries. Rural environments not far from industrial sites suffered from organic and inorganic pollution. In this case, TEQDL-PCB values may reach up to 58 × 10−3 ng TEQ g−1 and the corresponding V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd concentrations are comparatively high. 相似文献
95.
96.
不同氮磷比对多年生水生植物生长特性影响的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从氮、磷等植物生长的环境因子出发,研究了高低氮磷营养水平下,不同氮/磷比例的富营养化水体对聚草(Myriophyllum spicatum)、黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生长特性的影响。结果表明,聚草在氮磷比2:1时生物量最大,且生物量在高浓度水平处理明显大于低浓度水平处理(P〈0.01);黄花水龙在氮磷比10:1~20:1时生物量最大,高低浓度水平处理问生物量无显著性差异;喜旱莲子草在较高氮磷比20:l~40:1时生物量最大,高浓度水平处理时生物量显著性高于低浓度水平处理(P〈0.05)。在低浓度水平处理时,氮为黄花水龙和喜旱莲子草生长的主要限制因子,磷为聚草生长的主要限制因子,且喜早莲子草叶绿素增长期较其他处理提前,而黄花水龙的叶绿素变化在高低营养水平下差异不显著。营养盐水平对聚草茎长和生物量的影响较对黄花水龙和喜旱莲子草的影响明显。 相似文献
97.
Sally R. Gadsdon Sally A. Power 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(10):2845-2852
NO2 and NH3 concentrations were measured across a Special Area for Conservation in southern England, at varying distances from the local road network. Exceedances of the critical levels for these pollutants were recorded at nearly all roadside locations, extending up to 20 m away from roads at some sites. Further, paired measurements of NH3 and NO2 concentrations revealed differences between ground and tree canopy levels. At “background” sites, away from the direct influence of roads, concentrations were higher within tree canopies than at ground level; the reverse pattern was, however, seen at roadside locations. Calculations of pollutant deposition rates showed that nitrogen inputs are dominated by NH3 at roadside sites. This study demonstrates that local traffic emissions contribute substantially to the exceedance of critical levels and critical loads, and suggests that on-site monitoring is needed for sites of nature conservation value which are in close proximity to local transport routes. 相似文献
98.
Forest ecosystems may be actively managed toward heterogeneous stand structures to provide both economic (e.g., wood production
and carbon credits) and environmental benefits (e.g., invasive pest resistance). In order to facilitate wider adoption of
possibly more sustainable forest stand structures, defining growth expectations among alternative management scenarios is
crucial. To estimate the effect of tree size and spatial distributions on growth for forest structures commonly considered
in uneven-aged forest stand management, large (0.2 ha+) plots were established in 14 uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands in
eastern Montana. All study trees were stem-mapped and measured for diameter and 10-year sapwood and basal area increment.
A generalized growth model was developed to predict both total and merchantable 10-year basal area increment for nine hypothetical
stand structures [three diameter distributions (reverse-J, irregular, flat) × three spatial distributions (clumpy, partial
clumpy, uniform)]. Results indicate that the size and spatial distributions of individual trees have a considerable effect
on overall stand growth. The greatest total stand growth was in stands with reverse “J” shaped tree size distributions, while
the greatest merchantable stand growth was in stands with “flat” diameter distributions and uniform spatial distributions.
Through better comprehension of generalized uneven-aged stand growth dynamics, forest managers may better assess the effects
of alternative stand structures on stand growth while providing forest stand structures that may be more resilient in a changing
climate. 相似文献
99.
Urbanization and its impact on groundwater: a remote sensing and GIS-based assessment approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The perils of unplanned urbanization and increasing pressure of human activities on hydro-geomorphologic system often result
in modification of the existing recharge mechanism, which leads to many environmental consequences. In the present research,
an attempt has been made to investigate the applicability of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) in dealing
with spatial and temporal variability of dynamic phenomena, like urbanization and its impact on groundwater. This paper covers
primarily, quantitative and qualitative impacts of urban growth on the behavior of aquifer in Ajmer city (India). Urban growth
of the Ajmer city in last 17 years has been estimated from the satellite images. Database related to urbanization and groundwater
has been created in GIS. Groundwater recharge has been computed using a water balance approach known as Water Level Fluctuation
Methodology. Recharge estimation methodology has been implemented in GIS to introduce the spatial variability of hydro-geological
characteristics. Further, temporal and spatial variations in groundwater quality and quantity have been correlated with urban
growth using overlay analysis in GIS. The study reveals a general decline in water table and quality with urbanization. Further,
remote sensing and GIS technologies have been found useful in assessment of spatial and temporal phenomena of urbanization
and its impact on groundwater system. 相似文献
100.
Reclamation and revegetation of fly ash disposal sites - Challenges and research needs 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Haynes RJ 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(1):43-53
Coal-fired power generation is a principal energy source throughout the world. Approximately, 70-75% of coal combustion residues are fly ash and its utilization worldwide is only slightly above 30%. The remainder is disposed of in landfills and fly ash basins. It is desirable to revegetate these sites for aesthetic purposes, to stabilize the surface ash against wind and water erosion and to reduce the quantity of water leaching through the deposit. Limitations to plant establishment and growth in fly ash can include a high pH (and consequent deficiencies of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and P), high soluble salts, toxic levels of elements such as B, pozzalanic properties of ash resulting in cemented/compacted layers and lack of microbial activity. An integrated organic/biotechnological approach to revegetation seems appropriate and should be investigated further. This would include incorporation of organic matter into the surface layer of ash, mycorrhizal inoculation of establishing vegetation and use of inoculated legumes to add N. Leaching losses from ash disposal sites are likely to be site-specific but a sparse number of studies have revealed enriched concentrations of elements such as Ca, Fe, Cd, Pb, and Sb in surrounding groundwater. This aspect deserves further study particularly in the longer-term. In addition, during weathering of the ash and deposition of organic matter during plant growth, a soil will form with properties vastly different to that of the parent ash. In turn, this will influence the effect that the disposal site has on the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, the effects of ash weathering and organic matter accumulation over time on the chemical, physical and biological properties of the developing ash-derived soil are not well understood and require further study. 相似文献