典型城市黑臭河道水体生物毒性研究

以黑臭为特征的城市内河污染近来受到关注,检测和分析污染河流水质的生物毒性对水质标识和生态评价十分必要。本研究逐月检测了温州市九山外河(JS River)和山下河(SX River)两条典型黑臭河道水样对斑马鱼、发光细菌和热带爪蟾胚胎的毒性效应。结果显示,黑臭河道水体对斑马鱼、发光细菌(青海弧菌Vibrio Qinghaiensis Q67)和爪蟾胚胎均具有毒性效应。以斑马鱼死亡率和发光细菌相对抑光率表征的水质综合毒性较一致,且以发光细菌更为敏感。爪蟾胚胎致畸实验主要通过存活率和畸形率来表征水体的毒性。3类生物监测均显示SX水体毒性明显高于JS整体毒性,这与两条河黑臭程度相一致。通过发光细菌检测水体综合毒性的分析,显示SX和JS水体毒性在5月-8月的夏季较高,冬春季节较低,表明黑臭河道水质毒性季节性变化与水体温度(T)和溶解氧(DO)值关系密切。本研究结果可为污染水体生物毒性检测和黑臭水体综合评价及后续治理提供依据。     

Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn., a native Atlantic Forest species, as a bio-indicator of ozone: visible injury

Tibouchina pulchra saplings were exposed to carbon filtered air (CF), ambient non-filtered air (NF) and ambient non-filtered air+40 ppb ozone (NF+O3) 8 h per day during two months. The AOT40 values at the end of the experiment were 48, 910 and 12,895 ppb h(-1), respectively, for the three treatments. After 25 days of exposure (AOT40=3871 ppb h(-1)), interveinal red stippling appeared in plants in the NF+O3 chamber. In the NF chamber, symptoms were observed only after 60 days of exposure (AOT40=910 ppb h(-1)). After 60 days, injured leaves per plant corresponded to 19% in NF+O3 and 1% in the NF treatment; and the average leaf area injured was 7% within the NF+O3 and 0.2% within the NF treatment. The extent of leaf area injured (leaf injury index) was mostly explained by the accumulated exposure of ozone (r2=0.89; p<0.05).     

Sequential sorption of lead and cadmium in three tropical soils

It is important to examine mechanisms of Pb and Cd sorption in soils to understand their bioavailability. The ability of three tropical soils to retain Pb, Cd, and Ca was evaluated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the extent to which soil sorption sites are metal specific, (2) investigate the nature of reactions between metals and soil surfaces, and (3) identify how metals compete for sorption sites when they are introduced to soils sequentially or concurrently. Lead was shown to be much less exchangeable than Cd and inhibited Cd sorption. Cadmium had little effect on Pb sorption, though both Ca and Cd inhibited the adsorption of Pb at exchange sites. Lead appears to more readily undergo inner-sphere surface complexation with soil surface functional groups than either Cd or Ca. Thus, regardless of when Pb is introduced to a soil, it should be less labile than Cd.     

Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park’s buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.     

Supply responses in tropical forestry: A Malaysian case study

The rapid exhaustion of Malaysia's commercial primaeval forest base has raised questions regarding the management and economic responses in the sector. The article assesses the institutional and management structure of Malaysian forestry which, together with the social and political barriers at work, prevent an orderly programme of harvesting and reforestation. The supply is then set out in terms of an econometric model, formulated both in static and dynamic terms to measure, among other things, the responses of output to price changes. The model, which is the first of its kind to be tested for the Malaysian forestry sector, is applied on three wood-based commodities — sawlogs, sawnwood and plywood. To learn of possible regional variations, the model is also applied to data of the country's three principal components — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah. The results indicate that short-run price elasticities of supply are low, and in some cases, even contrary to expectations based on economic theory. Allowing for data inconsistencies, the slow responses of output to changes in price may be attributed to the method of wood disposal, its timing as well as the social and political barriers to entry at work in the sector.     

80年代我国的热带气旋灾害

本文通过对我国1980～1989年热带气旋灾害的分析与评估,指出热带气旋灾害具有影响偏南、多集中于夏季且与冷空气等气象灾害重叠、加重灾情等特点,总结了以往防治台风灾害工作中的经验与教训。     

Tropical deciduous forests and the adivasi. Indigenous traditions as response to leaf fall in Bastar, India

This article draws attention to the crucial link between the tropical deciduous forest ecosystem and the lifestyle of the adivasi (indigenous) people. Taking the case of Bastar District in Chhattisgarh, Central India, an analysis is made of the various commonly used wild plants, their deciduous habit, and the adivasi calendar that regulates the peoples’ use of these plants. By examining the specific seasonal patterns of leaf fall of plants and the dates set for the commencement of their use, the article shows that there is an implicit relation between adivasi festivals and the deciduous character of Bastar's forests.     

Shorebird fauna changes of a small tropical estuary following habitat alteration: Biological and political impacts of environmental restoration

Numbers of shorebirds visiting the Paiko Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary, a small tropical estuary located on Oahu, Hawaii, are compared before and after environmental restoration of the lagoon. An attempt is made to examine both the biological impacts and policy implications of the project. The biological results indicate that shorebird abundance did not increase following restoration. On the other hand, public perceptions regarding the ecological value of the lagoon suggest that in spite of a lack of biological benefit to shorebirds, the lagoon was perceived by the public, particularly local residents, as being more ecologically valuable because it had been aesthetically improved. The discussion focuses on the interplay between scientific and non-scientific factors in natural resource decision making.     

Enhancing feasibility: Incorporating a socio-ecological systems framework into restoration planning

Forest restoration is the counterforce to deforestation. In many parts of the world it mitigates forest loss and degradation, but success rates vary. Socio-political variables are important predictors of effectiveness of restoration activities, indicating that restoration strategies need to be locally adapted. Yet, contextual assessments of the biophysical, social and political characteristics of forest restoration are rare. Here, we integrate a social-ecological systems framework with systematic decision-making to inform forest restoration planning. We illustrate this approach through a prioritization analysis in a community-based forest restoration context in Paser District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We compare the solutions of our integrated framework with those identified on the basis of biophysical criteria alone. We discover that incorporating a socio-political context alters the selection of priority areas. While the social feasibility and political permissibility can be enhanced, ecological benefits are likely to be reduced and/or opportunity costs of alternative land uses are to be increased. Our conceptual framework allows the appraisal of potential trade-offs between social and ecological outcomes of alternative options, and has the potential to evaluate the efficiency of existing policies. Empirical testing in a range of contexts is required to ensure broad applicability and transferability of our conceptual framework.     

2015/2016年海洋和大气环流异常对中国夏季降水的影响

利用1981年1月-2016年8月中国160个气象站降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR资料,对比分析了2015/2016年的主要海洋和大气环流异常及其对夏季降水的影响。结果表明：1）2015和2016年夏季降水异常分布有着明显的差异。2015年夏季降水呈南多北少特点;2016年夏季降水明显增多,尤其是北方地区,且呈现经向型分布。2）热带印度洋-太平洋海温状况监测显示,2015年海温异常表现为El Niño发展年、热带印度洋全区一致模态海温偏暖、印度洋偶极子正位相;2016年海温异常表现为El Niño结束年、热带印度洋全区一致模态海温偏暖、印度洋偶极子负位相。3）2015年,受热带印度洋-太平洋海温异常影响,使得夏季西太平洋副高偏强、偏南,再配合中高纬冷空气活跃,西风急流轴位置偏南,导致我国降水北少南多。4）2016年,受El Niño衰减、印度洋偶极子负位相影响,副高偏北;叠加印度洋海温偏暖的“充电器”效应,副高偏强;同时冷空气偏北偏弱,西风急流轴位置偏北,导致长江中下游及以北区域降水偏多。