工业用水与经济发展的关系——用水库兹涅茨曲线

经验数据显示,发达国家工业用水随经济发展的变化存在着一个由上升转而下降的转折点。因此,工业用水随收入增长的演变模式可以用库兹涅茨曲线形式来表示。工业用水下降点对应的人均GDP的阈值是3700-17 000US$(PPP,以1985年为基数)。与之相应的第二产业在GDP总量中所占份额是30％～50％。工业用水下降的直接原因是用水效率的提高,其来源有两方面:部门用水效率的提高和经济结构调整。这提供了一个积极的信号,即发展中国家的工业用水将不会一直持续增长,从而为更好地预测发展中国家的工业用水量提供非常重要的思路,也为正确把握用水变化规律,制定符合规律的水资源对策提供科学基础。     

THE LEGAL‐INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS MODEL AND WATER POLICYMAKING IN A BI‐NATIONAL SETTING1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports the use of a water negotiation model, the Legal‐Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM), in the bi‐national setting of the U.S. and Mexico in the Paso del Norte region. The following study discusses the results of developing baseline data where interstate, international, and cultural factors, as well as a long history of conflict, impact on negotiations and the extent to which the LIAM is a valuable tool for analyzing behavior among institutional actors in such a setting. The findings suggest that most water policy actors in the region prefer brokered solutions as defined within the LIAM framework.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Nanoscale zero-valent iron/magnetite carbon composites for highly efficient immobilization of U(VI)

Nanoscale zerovalent iron/magnetic carbon (NZVI/MC) composites were successfully synthesized by simply calcining yellow pine and iron precursors. NZVI/MC pyrolyzed at 800°C (NZVI/MC800) had a higher percentage of NZVI and displayed better resistance to aggregation and oxidation of NZVI than samples prepared at other temperatures. The NZVI/MC800 material was applied for the elimination of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. The results suggested that the NZVI/MC800 displayed excellent adsorption capacity (203.94?mg/g) toward U(VI). The significant adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics were attributed to the presence of well-dispersed NZVI, which could quickly reduce U(VI) into U(IV), trapping the guest U(IV) in the porous biocarbon matrix. The removal of U(VI) on the NZVI/MC samples was strongly affected by solution pH. The NZVI/MC samples also displayed outstanding reusability for U(VI) removal after multiple cycles. These findings indicate that NZVI/MC has great potential for remediation of wastewater containing U(VI).     

美军军事极端环境选择的科学表征

介绍了美国陆军研究办公室资助陆军研究实验室环境科学部和陆军军官学校地理与环境工程部,研发了通过地理环境分析提高利用自然环境进行试验和训练的科学判据,实现了表征任意环境试验站点支持试验任务的能力.在地理环境位置分析中,采用了8步骤环境试验站评价分析模型,并给出了理想热带试验区环境条件分析和理想沙漠环境精确的地理学参数分析案例.为最优化试验站点选择,还研发了附加关键自然环境因素评价等级.研究成果的创新在于通过科学的标准将选择全球最佳自然环境进行现场试验和军事行动的需求与地理背景环境联系起来,能够对相关环境试验站的选择进行科学表征和评估,实现装备/材料现场试验与部队训练效益最大化.     

Low-temperature plasma induced phosphate groups onto coffee residue-derived porous carbon for efficient U(VI) extraction

For the continuous utilization of nuclear energy and efficient control of radioactive pollution, low-cost materials with high efficient U(VI) removal are of great importance. In this study, low temperature plasma method was applied for the successful modification of O-phosphorylethanolamine (O-PEA) on the porous carbon materials. The produced materials (Cafe/O-PEA) could adsorb U(VI) efficiently with the maximum sorption capacity of 648.54 mg/g at 1 hr, T=298 K, and pH=6.0, much higher than those of most carbon-based composites. U(VI) sorption was mainly controlled by strong surface complexation. From FTIR, SEM-EDS and XPS analyses, the sorption of U(VI) was related to the complexation with -NH₂, phosphate and -OH groups on Cafe/O-PEA. The low temperature plasma method was an efficient, environmentally friendly and low-cost method for surface modification of materials for the effective enrichment of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.     

微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞毒害效应的研究

主要探讨微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞的毒害效果,以及其作为水体生理毒害评价模式细胞的可能。通过毒性试验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,利用栗酒裂殖酵母细胞（S.pombe）,人肝癌细胞（HepG2）和人脑星形胶质母细胞癌细胞（U87）3种生物模型评估MC对细胞DNA的损伤以及对细胞内氧化自由基水平的影响。并利用栗酒裂殖酵母的基因缺失体,判断MC所诱导的酵母细胞氧化应激路径。研究表明MC通过氧化路径诱导DNA损伤;缺失wis1△和pap1△基因的S.pombe细胞无法诱导ROS生产,wis1△和pap1△缺失型S.pombe细胞在40 mg·L-1-1MC暴露24 h下细胞增殖率仅下降7.3%、7.7%;氧化损伤是MC损伤S.pombe的主要方式;HepG2细胞和U87细胞较S.pombe细胞适于研究、评估MC的毒性。     

Tracking land cover change along the western edge of the U.S. Corn Belt from 1984 through 2016 using satellite sensor data: observed trends and contributing factors

The Cropland Data Layers (CDL) are high-resolution geo-referenced data products made available by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. However, the CDL lacks in its ability to be employed as a tool to identify the impact of the gradually evolving drivers of land use change, e.g., climate change, due to its limited historical depth. We implement a robust, phenology-based satellite image classification algorithm to identify historical cropland allocation in eastern South Dakota and North Dakota predating the initial CDL by 13 and 22 years, respectively. Five major land covers, i.e., corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa and grass (including native grass, hay and pasture) are identified using archived Landsat-5 surface reflectance data, while achieving CDL-like accuracy. The long-term rate of grassland loss during 1985–2011 is found to be significantly lower (26,781 hectares or 1.5% annually) relative to the near-term rate of grassland loss during 2006-’11 (84,545 hectares or 5.2% annually). We find similar discrepancy in regional corn expansion rates. Our value-added raster data provide opportunities for improved identification of land use drivers, whereas relying solely on the CDL’s restricted historical extent may lead to biased land use change estimates and misguide policy.     

Structuring cooperative behavior under the National Environmental Policy Act of the United States

A trend is presently under way to streamline the compliance requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of the United States through cooperative assessment procedures. Since the law was enacted in 1970, however, participants in the assessment process have tended to settle disagreements by adversarial rather than cooperative means. This study focuses on a highly acclaimed environmental assessment procedure undertaken by the U.S. Steel Corporation for its proposed $4.0 billion Lakefront Steel Plant. Survey research data were gathered to measure the underlying management philosophy perceived by interorganizational representatives, who attended a series of Technical Team meetings designed to coordinate the assessment effort and to open communication channels. A social psychological scale of behavioral dimensions was adapted from Likert to define the composition and the extent of cooperation at these meetings. A newly constructed scale was used to measure the quantity and quality of representation by each of the major organizations involved. Informal interviews were conducted with project participants to obtain further insight into member interaction. Results indicate that democratic problem solving was in evidence but also suggest a preference by respondents for improved procedures. The paper outlines areas of concern voiced by respondents and offers the means for improving the operating procedures of similar interorganizational environmental assessments.     

Concentrations en plomb du plancton de la Mer Ligure (Mediterrannee Nord-Occidentale)

Plankton samples were collected from different parts of the Ligurian Sea during 1980 and 1983. Lead, but also cadmium, copper and zinc have been determined in these samples. The results indicate that nearshore samples display significantly higher lead concentrations (7.8 μg g^?1) than offshore samples (1.9 μg g^?1).