Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法在中国东部植被变化归因研究中的应用

植被变化往往受到不同气候变量的综合作用,人类活动影响又使得植被对气候响应变得更为复杂,如何准确判别各种影响因素的相对重要性是植被变化归因研究中的一个关键点.研究基于偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法,使用1982-2006 年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,分析了降水、气温、日照、相对湿度和风等气候变量对中国东部植被变化的相对影响,并选取了NDVI变化较为典型的区域,量化了农业活动对该地区植被变化的相对贡献.PLS回归方法兼具了主成分分析和多元回归的优点,克服了众多自变量之间存在强烈交互相关导致的多元共线性问题.研究结果表明:① 1982-2006 年间,中国东部逐月NDVI的年际变化呈现出明显的南北差异.在12、1-5 月,NDVI以显著上升为主,上升区域主要位于淮河以北.在6-10月,NDVI以显著下降为主,下降区域主要为淮河以南的部分区域,特别是6 月江苏一带NDVI的大范围下降尤为明显.不过与NDVI发生显著变化的区域相比,更多区域的NDVI在各月并没有出现显著变化.② 在NDVI显著上升的站点,对NDVI变化最具解释意义的气候变量为气温,特别是冬末春初(2-3 月)的升温对黄淮海区域NDVI的显著上升具有主导控制作用.而对于NDVI 显著下降的站点,多数都不能从气候角度解释这些区域的NDVI 变化.③ 江苏省NDVI在6 月出现的大范围显著下降,与农业种植结构的调整,主要是棉花种植面积的减少以及油菜面积的增加具有显著关系.     

生活污水为主要补给源的城郊排水沟渠氮磷滞留特征

为揭示生活污水补给影响下排水沟渠氮、磷滞留特征,以合肥市城郊结合部的关镇河支渠为对象,以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,以NaCl为保守型示踪剂,开展5次现场示踪试验. 在此基础上,利用OTIS(one-dimensional transport with inflow and storage)模型估算D(扩散系数)、A(渠道过水断面面积)、A_s(暂态存储区断面面积)、α(暂态存储交换系数)、λ(主流区溶质一阶吸收系数)和λ_s(暂态存储区吸收系数);并利用营养螺旋原理,计算营养盐的S_w(吸收长度)、V_f(吸收速度)和U(吸收速率)等. 结果表明:①A_s/A具有随流量减小而增大的变化特征,平均值为0.35;5次试验得到的α均处在10-3数量级水平,平均值为2.49×10-3 s-1. ②S_w-NH₄和S_w-PO₄(分别表示NH₄-N和PO₄-P的S_w,下同)均较大,最大值分别达934 020、47 518 m,意味着关镇河支渠已基本不具备氮、磷滞留能力;而S_w-NH₄和S_w-PO₄均不同程度地出现负值,表明该支渠还具有“源”的作用. ③V_f-NH₄与河水平均深度、渠道流量均呈显著负相关,V_f-PO₄和U-PO₄与渠道水面宽度均呈显著正相关. ④NH₄-N和PO₄-P的营养螺旋指标与其相应质量浓度背景值无明显相关性.      

HRT对城市污水厂尾水反硝化深度脱氮的影响

污水厂尾水回用作为水源时,其ρ(TN)较高是亟待解决的问题. 在调研污水厂尾水水质的基础上,利用MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对其进行深度脱氮,并考察HRT(水力停留时间)对不同填料(聚乙烯和陶粒)的MBBR运行效果的影响. 结果表明,NO₃--N是尾水中氮的主要形态,其质量浓度约占ρ(TN)的80.8%±8.4%. HRT分别为12、8和4 h时,对NO₃--N去除率影响不大,均能达到90%以上,但反硝化能力随着HRT的缩短而成倍增加;HRT为4 h时各反应器的反硝化能力最大,聚乙烯和陶粒MBBR中分别为(28.4±14.5)和(27.4±14.3)mg/(L·d)(以NO₃--N计). 随着HRT的减少,COD_Cr去除率呈降低趋势. 三维荧光分析表明,进、出水中均含有类富里酸和类蛋白质等DOM物质. HRT为8 h时MBBR对DOM的去除率最高,聚乙烯填料MBBR对有机污染物的去除效果略优于陶粒填料. 综合考虑氮和有机污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和陶粒填料MBBR优化HRT均为8 h.      

乐安河-鄱阳湖湿地植物群落分布及其环境影响因子

于2012年平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(11月)对乐安河自上游至下游及入鄱阳湖区域内湿地植物群落分布和水土环境因子进行调查,分析乐安河不同水期湿地植物群落的分布特征,通过DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis,除趋势典范对应分析)探讨不同水期植物群落分布特征与环境因子间的定量关系. 结果表明:3个水期内共观测到湿地植物167种,不同水期植物种类及组成结构均具有显著差异. 其中平水期湿地植物102种,分属于33科75属;枯水期71种,分属于27科53属;丰水期种类最少,为55种,分属于20科42属. 乐安河上游处于未受矿山开采影响的对照区域内,水生植物群落分布主要受河流自然环境因素的影响. 对于受重金属酸性污染影响较严重的区域,DCCA排序结果显示,水土环境中pH和Cu、Pb、Cd等重金属含量是影响植物群落分布的重要因素. 其中,上游湿地植物群落分布主要受Cu含量和pH的影响;中、下游主要受水、土环境中重金属Pb、Cd的复合污染以及pH的影响. 乐安河湿地植物群落分布与环境因子间具有明显的对应关系,DCCA法能准确识别影响湿地植物群落分布的关键环境因子.      

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment

Nanoscale iron particles (nZVI) is one of the most important engineered nanomaterials applied to environmental pollution control and abatement. Although a multitude of synthesis approaches have been proposed, a facile method to screen the reactivity of candidate nZVI materials produced using different methods or under varying synthesis conditions has yet been established. In this study, four reaction parameters were adjusted in the preparation of borohydride-reduced nZVI. The reductive properties of the resultant nanoparticles were assayed independently using two model aqueous contaminants, Cu(II) and nitrate. The results confirm that the reductive reactivity of nZVI is most sensitive to the initial concentration of iron precursor, borohydride feed rate, and the loading ratio of borohydride to ferric ion during particle synthesis. Solution mixing speed, in contrast, carries a relative small weight on the reactivity of nZVI. The two probing reactions (i.e., Cu(II) and nitrate reduction) are able to generate consistent and quantitative inference about the mass-normalized surface activity of nZVI. However, the nitrate assay is valid in dilute aqueous solutions only (50 mg·L⁻¹ or lower) due to accelerated deactivation of iron surface at elevated nitrate concentrations. Additional insights including the structural and chemical makeup of nZVI can be garnered from Cu(II) reduction assessments. The reactivity assays investigated in this study can facilitate screening of candidate materials or optimization of nZVI production parameters, which complement some of the more sophisticated but less chemically specific material characterization methods used in the nZVI research.     

基于生态服务价值的多目标水源地土地利用结构优化

为探讨首都水源地最佳水土资源优化配置模式,选取北京山区怀柔水库流域为研究对象,基于研究区5期(1990、1995、2000、2005 和2008)卫星遥感影像数据,分析了怀柔水库流域1990~2008年间土地利用时空变化特征,并基于生态服务价值理论、灰参数线性规划理论和CLUE-S模型对怀柔水库流域土地利用进行空间优化配置模式研究.结果表明:现有土地利用结构在优化配置后流域生态系统服务功能价值较2008年增加1795.4万元,增幅5.4%.其中,流域涵养水源功能价值量增加最多,为560.9万元,净化大气的价值增长幅度最大,增长率达到9.3%.研究结果可为该区域水土地资源的可持续利用、开发和管理提供科学依据.     

亲水荷电超滤膜的制备及对腐殖酸的分离性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜的抗污染性能和提高对腐殖酸(HA)的截留率,以介孔二氧化硅(MS)为添加剂,采用相转化法制备了亲水性PES/MS复合超滤膜,并对膜表面进行荷电改性.研究了MS对膜的断面结构、表面化学性质和过滤性能的影响,考察了荷电改性PES/MS超滤膜对水中HA的分离性能以及溶液pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度等因素对荷电膜超滤过程的影响.SEM表征结果显示,MS颗粒在PES/MS复合膜的表面分散均匀,膜孔的连通性改善.亲水荷电改性后,膜表面接触角由68°降至57°,zeta电位由-6.31mV降至-11.45mV,膜对HA的去除率由72%提高到95%,通量衰减率由29.8%减小到4.9%.结果表明,对PES超滤膜进行亲水荷电改性可有效提高对HA的截留率,同时减轻膜污染;另外,溶液的pH值、离子强度和钙离子浓度对荷电超滤膜的过滤性能有较大影响,调节合适的溶液环境可在提高截留率的同时,减轻膜污染.