生物除锰技术研究进展与应用

文章简要阐述了生物除锰的机理,重点介绍生物除锰的工艺流程和应用,包括以生物滤池为核心的单极/多级工艺、复合MF/UF中空纤维膜工艺以及用于处理矿山废水的人工湿地工艺;同时介绍了国内外生物除锰的研究动态,如:同时去除NH4+、Fe、Mn的研究、生物滤池运行模式的研究等。分析了目前存在的问题,并对今后生物除锰的研究方向提出了一点看法。     

稀土镧(La)及La(POA)3对镉污染绿豆幼苗生理影响

以水培的方式研究了稀土元素镧及其配合物La(POA)3(HPOA=苯氧乙酸)对绿豆幼苗的生理生态影响。结果表明,单一镉(10mg/L)胁迫时,NR、CAT及POD活性下降,而MDA、Pro含量上升;较低浓度(5～30mg/L)的镧及其配合物能明显地促进绿豆幼苗生长,并且可以缓解镉对绿豆幼苗的胁迫作用,经镧及其配合物作用后,上述生理指标皆比单一镉胁迫时有明显的改善,而高浓度(100mg/L)的镧及其配合物对镉污染的缓解作用都减弱;另外,较低浓度(10、15、30mg/L)的La(POA)3对镉胁迫的缓解作用较镧更明显;随着作用时间的延长,镧及其配合物对绿豆幼苗镉污染的缓解作用均逐渐下降。     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.     

Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中的微囊藻毒素RR和LR

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了藻毒素(MC-RR、LR)标准样品,并绘制了标准曲线,藻毒素浓度在0~5mg/L范围内,HPLC峰面积与藻毒素进样量呈线性关系,RR和LR相关系数分别为0·9986和0·9992,表明该方法可靠、灵敏度较高。对毒素的富集方法及分析条件进行了优化,并在藻类高发期的7~10月份,通过固相萃取(SPE)法对T市饮用水中的MCs进行浓缩富集后,用高效液相色谱仪和标准曲线测出MC-RR和MC-LR值。结果显示,T市高藻期饮用水中含有MCs,应引起足够的重视。     

新型介孔薄膜涂层固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定塑料浸取液中的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯

自制新型介孔薄膜涂层固相微萃取头,结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法(HS-SPME-GC),测定水溶液中的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)。结果表明,该方法具有良好的线性范围(0.1～2000μgL),检出限为0.08μgL,相对标准偏差为5.5%(n=3)。将该法应用于检测塑料浸取液中DEHP,结果令人满意。     

涂料制造行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

采用不锈钢采样罐对华东地区8家涂料制造企业生产车间排口进行采集,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)测定了106种VOCs组分,识别了VOCs排放特征,建立了溶剂型涂料和水性涂料VOCs排放成分谱,分析了VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明,涂料制造行业VOCs特征组分主要为芳香烃和含氧烃,两者浓度范围在65.5%～99.9%,溶剂型涂料VOCs排放主要以芳香烃为主,占总VOCs的63.0%～94.0%;水性涂料VOCs排放主要以含氧烃为主,占总VOCs的54.5%～99.9%.间/对-二甲苯(32.4%)、乙苯(19.0%)和乙酸乙酯(12.1%)为溶剂型涂料源排放特征,乙酸乙酯(83.7%)与2-丁酮(8.0%)为水性涂料源排放特征.芳香烃和含氧烃是涂料制造行业的主要活性组分,对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的总贡献率在92.9%～99.9%之间.源反应活性分析(SR)表明,水性涂料单位质量VOCs对臭氧的生成贡献低于溶剂型涂料,因此可显著降低臭氧的生成潜势.研究显示,针对涂料制造行业VOCs污染治理,应重点关注芳香烃和含氧烃中对臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的VOCs组分,进行源头和精细化控制.     

秋冬季区域性大气污染过程对长三角北部典型城市的影响

本文基于空气质量及气象监测数据,运用层次聚类分析法、后向轨迹法、潜在源贡献分析等方法,选取长三角北部地区2018～2019年秋冬季的典型污染过程进行分析,并选取该区域代表性的城市(蚌埠)进行深入分析.结果表明,长三角北部地区大气污染受地面弱气压、高湿、低温和静小风等不利气象条件及传输的影响较大.长三角秋冬季区域性污染具有影响范围广和持续时间长等特征,污染类型主要为区域外传输型与区域内累积型.在EP1和EP2两次污染过程中,长三角北部城市PM_2.5浓度均值分别达到131.6μg·m^-3和115.4μg·m^-3,前者污染过程较短,但污染物浓度累积较快造成的污染强度大和范围广.利用PSCF和CWT对PM_2.5潜在源定性和定量分析表明,EP1过程PM_2.5由临沂、徐州、宿迁和连云港等污染轨迹密集区域传输到受体城市蚌埠,CWT值处于80以上,最高可达200以上,区域传输实际浓度值较高;EP2过程PM_2.5浓度受宿迁、宿州和徐州等区域内部邻近城市影响,CWT值处于60...