北京南部城区PM2.5中碳质组分特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后北京市大气PM_2.5中碳质组分特征,于2017年12月至2018年12月在北京污染较重的南部城区进行了PM_2.5连续采样,对其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了全面研究.结果表明,北京大气PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别为4.2～366.3、 0.9～74.5和0.0～5.5μg·m^-3,平均浓度分别为(77.1±52.1)、(11.2±7.8)和(1.2±0.8)μg·m^-3,碳质组分(OC和EC)整体占PM_2.5的16.1%.OC质量浓度季节特征表现为:冬季[(13.8±8.7)μg·m^-3]>春季[(12.7±9.6)μg·m^-3]>秋季[(11.8±6.2)μg·m^-3]>夏季[(6.5±2.1)μg·m^-3],EC四季质量浓度水平均较低,范围为0.8～1.5μg·m^-3.二...     

夏秋季宁波市气态元素汞(GEM)污染特征及潜在源区贡献分析

气态元素汞(gaseous elemental mercury,GEM)是普遍存在于大气中的对生物体有害的重金属元素其化学性质稳定,在大气中停留时间长,可随气团长距离输送属于全球性污染物.本研究于2017年夏秋季对宁波市大气GEM、常规污染物和气象参数进行综合观测,研究沿海地区GEM受人为源和自然源共同作用下的迁移转化规律及潜在源贡献来源.结果表明:①观测期间大气GEM的平均质量浓度为(2.32±0.90) ng·m^-3,变化范围为0.97～10.95 ng·m^-3,且夏季低于秋季.②GEM、O₃和GOM在夏季、秋季、晴天和阴雨天的日内浓度变化表明,高浓度的O₃和强烈的光照可加速GEM发生光化学反应,GEM在晴天的光化学氧化强度高于阴雨天.③相关性分析表明,GEM与PM_2.5(R=0.65,P<0.01)、PM₁₀(R=0.47,P<0.01)、NO₂(R=0.46,P<0.01)和CO(R=0.57,P<0....     

降水空间异质性对非点源关键源区识别面积变化的影响

针对地形起伏和降水空间差异较大的农业区非点源污染问题,基于SWAT模型评估了阿什河流域在异质性降水和均匀降水两种情景下总氮、总磷关键源区空间变化规律,统计了两种情景下识别的关键源区面积变化,并分析其与降水特征参数的关系.结果表明,降水量一定时,两种情景下识别的总氮、总磷关键源区面积变化趋势大致相同,且总磷关键源区面积不易受降水空间异质性的影响,但总氮关键源区面积却明显受到其影响.对各年份总氮和总磷关键源区面积与降水特征参数的相关分析表明,总磷关键源区面积与当年降水量呈显著正相关,而总氮关键源区面积却与前一年降水量呈显著正相关.研究结果对进一步探讨降水这一重要驱动因子的不确定性对非点源污染关键源区的影响,以及农业非点源污染的治理具有重要意义.     

负载AsOB离子交换纤维FFA-1去除水中三价砷

对比两组填充了离子交换纤维FFA-1的固定床反应器(R1和R2)的运行处理效果,研究负载功能微生物的离子纤维组合工艺对不同浓度As(Ⅲ)的去除能力.研究结果表明接种了三价砷氧化菌(AsOB)的R1能够长期稳定并高效地去除不同浓度(1～10 mg·L^-1)As(Ⅲ).未接种AsOB的R2反应器初期无法去除As(Ⅲ),随着微生物逐步侵入R2反应器,7 d后R2反应器As(Ⅲ)去除率逐渐与R1接近.相对于一直稳定运行的R1反应器,每次提升进水中As(Ⅲ)浓度后R2去除率呈现先下降后上升的趋势.同时,在运行过程中发现进水中NO^-₃和SO₄(2-)等阴离子也会被R1和R2去除从而导致As(Ⅲ)去除总量的下降.离子交换纤维FFA-1再生实验证实R1和R2中的纤维与原始的离子交换纤维FFA-1再生效果相当(再生率均达到90%以上).进一步研究微生物种群结构在反应器中的变化发现离子交换纤维作为微生物载体可能是影响微生物种群结构的重要因素.本研究证实了功能微生物AsOB联合离子交换纤维可以作为一种高效去除地下水中三价...     

广州大学城珠江水域多环芳烃的污染特征

利用GC-MS对广州大学城珠江水域的地表水及表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行了分析。结果表明,广州大学城珠江水域及表层沉积物中均可检出PAHs,水体优控PAHs总量在1061.7~6577.8ng/L之间,沉积物中优控PAHs总量分布在896.1~7248ng/g之间。广州大学城珠江水域的PAHs属混合来源,主要有石油类产品的输入(漏油泄油)和化石燃料的燃烧(大气沉降)。     

石期河流域地下水化学特征及物质来源分析

为明确典型岩溶溶丘洼(谷)地区域地下水化学特征及其成因,以石期河流域为研究对象,运用Gibbs图、Piper图、端元分析及离子比例系数等方法,对地下水水化学特征及物质来源进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,研究区内地下水pH值介于6.06～8.07之间,Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺和HCO^-₃是地下水中的主要离子,其质量浓度范围分别为2.61～108.7、 0.54～27.61和8.1～370.74mg·L^-1,符合岩溶水高钙弱碱性特征;地下水物质成分中, Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要受到碳酸参与的灰岩和白云岩风化作用的控制, Na⁺主要来源于硅酸盐岩的溶解,同时, Ca²⁺和Na⁺在地下水流动过程中进行阳离子交替吸附作用; K⁺、 Cl^-和NO^-₃主要受到农业化肥施放和生活废水排放的影响.此外,大气...     

Analysis of motorcycle accidents using association rule mining-based framework with parameter optimization and GIS technology

IntroductionAnalyzing key factors of motorcycle accidents is an effective method to reduce fatalities and improve road safety. Association Rule Mining (ARM) is an efficient data mining method to identify critical factors associated with injury severity. However, the existing studies have some limitations in applying ARM: (a) Most studies determined parameter thresholds of ARM subjectively, which lacks objectiveness and efficiency; (b) Most studies only listed rules with high parameter thresholds, while lacking in-depth analysis of multiple-item rules. Besides, the existing studies seldom conducted a spatial analysis of motorcycle accidents, which can provide intuitive suggestions for policymakers. Method: To address these limitations, this study proposes an ARM-based framework to identify critical factors related to motorcycle injury severity. A method for parameter optimization is proposed to objectively determine parameter thresholds in ARM. A method of factor extraction is proposed to identify individual key factors from 2-item rules and boosting factors from multiple-item rules. Geographic information system (GIS) is adopted to explore the spatial relationship between key factors and motorcycle injury severity. Results and conclusions: The framework is applied to a case study of motorcycle accidents in Victoria, Australia. Fifteen attributes are selected after data preprocessing. 0.03 and 0.7 are determined as the best thresholds of support and confidence in ARM. Five individual key factors and four boosting factors are identified to be related to fatal injury. Spatial analysis is conducted by GIS to present hot spots of motorcycle accidents. The proposed framework has been validated to have better performance on parameter optimization and rule analysis in ARM. Practical applications: The hot spots of motorcycle accidents related to fatal factors are presented in GIS maps. Policymakers can refer to those maps straightforwardly when decision making. This framework can be applied to various kinds of traffic accidents to improve the performance of severity analysis.     

Using a novel data linkage approach to investigate potential reductions in motor vehicle crash severity – An evaluation of strategic highway safety plan emphasis areas

Introduction: With the significant number of motor-vehicle fatalities occurring on the nation’s roadways in recent years, there exists a need to integrate a more complete range of data sources, available at a regional or statewide level, to effectively evaluate existing safety concerns and quantify their impacts. Crash data alone does not provide ample crash-associated citation, injury, and roadway characteristics; therefore, a more cohesive dataset is required to accurately and completely analyze the true impacts of motor-vehicle crashes. Previously developed strategies linked crash data with citation and roadway inventory data to enhance the identification and optimization of highway safety strategies. Method: The main objective of this research focused on developing a new deterministic linkage between crash and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data, by utilizing the Massachusetts Crash Data System (CDS) and the Massachusetts Ambulance Trip Record Information System (MATRIS). Results: After several iterations of match criterion, the validated linkage successfully matched 58.3% of MATRIS records (containing an Injury Cause of Motor Vehicle Crash) to a CDS person record (55011 linked pairs, between 2014 and 2016). The data linkage provided significant insight into injury trends in several highway safety emphasis areas such as roadway departure, speeding-related, and distraction-affected crashes. The findings from this research are twofold: (1) an established process for linking previously separate data sets, and (2) a mechanism for analysis that provides decision-makers and safety professionals with a better measure of crash outcomes.     

新型抗氧化膜材料PSAA的研制

对聚亚磺酰氨基酰胺(PSAA)作为新型抗氧化反渗透膜材料的可能性,以及聚合条件和成膜条件对膜性能的影响作了初步研究。     

亚硒酸钠对水稻愈伤诱导和绿苗分化的影响

实验证明，亚硒酸钠对水稻外植体（成熟胚、幼穗）、愈伤组织和再生绿芽体细胞的生长都有不同程度的抑制作用，其抑制程度依次为再生绿芽＞愈伤组织＞外植体，但能促进它们的绿苗分化频率，特别在低硒浓度（１ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理组，并可改变它们的过氧化物酶同工酶的活性。