水厂微型动物泄漏与控制技术的研究进展

来自水源水和水厂臭氧活性炭滤池二次繁殖所引起的微型动物泄漏现象不仅增加了后续消毒工艺的压力,也给供水安全带来了极大威胁,水厂微型动物的泄漏和控制成为目前国内外学者研究的前沿和焦点。本文综述了目前国内外关于饮用水中微型动物的控制标准与控制技术及其应用效果,指出了现有消毒方法或体系的局限性,水厂消毒的发展趋势将综合考虑细菌、病毒和微型动物的杀灭效果。     

再生水紫外线/二氧化氯联合消毒效果试验研究

紫外线及二氧化氯作为绿色消毒技术的代表,被越来越多地研究和使用,ClO_2消毒能够弥补UV不能提供持续消毒能力的不足,UV消毒作为ClO_2消毒的预处理工艺,能够降低后续消毒工艺的微生物负荷。通过试验对联合消毒效果进行了研究。试验表明,在试验水质条件下,当紫外线剂量为60 m J/cm~2,二氧化氯投加量2 mg/L,反应时间15min时即可达到较好的消毒效果且成本较低,消毒后粪大肠菌在48 h内几乎不发生光复活。     

紫外活化过硫酸钠灭活水中噬菌体MS2的特性及机制

水环境中的病毒对常见的消毒技术有较强的抵抗力.为了开发水中病毒的高效灭活技术,以噬菌体MS2为对象,研究紫外活化过硫酸钠（UV/PS）体系灭活病毒的特性和机制.采用双层平板法对噬菌体MS2进行定量检测,研究UV/PS对水样中噬菌体MS2的灭活率和动力学特征,并考察PS用量、pH值和噬菌体初始浓度等因素对灭活效果的影响.利用透射扫描电镜观察UV/PS处理前后噬菌体的形貌,利用电子顺磁共振波谱法确认反应体系中存在的自由基种类.在自由基淬灭实验的基础上,分析计算UV/PS体系中各因素对噬菌体灭活的贡献率.结果表明,当紫外辐照强度为160 μW·cm^-2时,UV/PS处理4 min即可去除4.39 lg的噬菌体MS2,较单独使用同样辐照剂量的UV消毒灭活率高1.44 lg.UV/PS体系对噬菌体MS2的灭活动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型.增加体系中的PS初始浓度能明显提高对噬菌体的灭活率和灭活速率,而pH和噬菌体初始浓度对UV/PS灭活噬菌体的影响较小.UV/PS处理可导致噬菌体的衣壳破损,促进了噬菌体颗粒团聚.UV/PS体系中存在SO₄^-·和·OH,是噬菌体MS2灭活的重要因素.·OH比SO₄^-·对噬菌体MS2灭活的贡献更大.     

臭氧预氧化对饮用水处理作用的实验研究

目前,饮用水污染严重,常规工艺处理出现了水质不能达标的现象.本文主要研究在常规工艺增加预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺,对不同的预臭氧投加量进行实验.结果表明:预臭氧投加量,对工艺各单元的处理效果有一定关系,随着投加量的增加,各单元对浊度、CODMn、UV254的去除呈现增大后趋于平缓甚至下降的趋势,而最佳臭氧的投加量为0.65 mg/L.为实际预臭氧-活性炭过滤工艺的运行提供指导.     

复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶老化图谱绘制方法

目的 研究高温硫化硅橡胶材料在户外不同环境因素作用下的老化规律与相应的老化图谱绘制方法。方法 通过静态接触角、邵氏硬度法测量硅橡胶老化前后的宏观特性,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面微观形貌变化,通过倒易法则、阿伦尼乌斯公式以及叠加法则构建紫外光和温度双因素老化模型,并结合人工与自然老化试验硬度测试结果,对比不同地点的加速因子,初步建立老化速率图谱绘制方法。结果 随着紫外老化以及热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的憎水性先增强、后逐渐变差,硅橡胶硬度以幂函数形式增加。SEM结果表明,硅橡胶表面发生降解。结合表面硬度特性可以较好地表征材料的老化状态,并用于老化图谱绘制,老化模型结果与自然试验结果一致。结论 硅橡胶老化图谱可以较好地预测各地不同环境下硅橡胶的老化状态,帮助电网制定运维策略,降低成本。     

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure,typical pathogens,and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water. • Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process. • CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process. • No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome. Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.     

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

雾化-多相协同臭氧氧化处理硝基苯废水的动力学研究

硝基苯属于典型的难降解有机化合物,通过雾化-多相协同臭氧氧化技术对硝基苯废水的处理效果进行了分析研究.通过对实验中的主要影响因素进行分析,结果表明,液滴粒径对硝基苯降解速率常数具有负相关性;紫外灯功率、活性炭投加量和水温对硝基苯降解速率常数具有正相关性;pH值和臭氧投加量对硝基苯降解速率常数具有最佳值.雾化-多相协同臭氧氧化技术对硝基苯的降解过程遵从一级化学反应动力学方程.经验动力学方程为：C=C0exp（-4.54＆#215;10-6Q0.50G0.31W0.11t）.     

采用Fenton／UV处理金属切削液废水的试验研究

采用Fenton／UV高级氧化方法处理金属加工行业产生的切削液废水,并通过正交试验得出最佳工作条件：pH值=2．5,p（Fe^2＋）=400mg／L,H2O2[V（H2O2=30％]的投加量为24mL／L,每次投加V（H2O2）为4mL／L,投加时间间隔为45min,投加次数为6次,UV总作用时间=5h,同时在最佳工况下进行了5L废水的放大试验。小试及放大实验均证明：在此工作条件下,原水ρ（CODCr）由2100mg／L降至110mg／L左右,CODcr去除率达到95％,且出水其它各项指标均达到国家GB8978～1996《污水综合排放标准》二级排放标准。此数据具有工程应用的参考价值。