Photo-oxidation and Photo-toxicity of Crude and Refined Oils

The fate and effects of an oil spill are effected by solar radiation through the action of photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity. Photo-oxidation, an important process in the weathering of oil, produces a variety of oxidized compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, esters, epoxides, sulfoxides, sulfones, phenols, anhydrides, quinones and aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. Some of these compounds contribute to the marine biota toxicity observed after an oil spill. Photo-toxicity occurs when uptake of certain petroleum compounds, e.g. certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzothiophenes, is followed by solar exposure which results in much greater toxicity than after dark uptake. The mechanism of PAH photo-toxicity includes absorbance of solar radiation by the PAH which produces a free radical and this free radical in turn reacts with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA and other cellular macromolecules. While most studies on photo-toxicity have been carried out in the laboratory, there are studies showing that water from an oil spill is photo-toxic to bivalve embryos for at least a few days after the spill. Other studies have found that oil contaminated sediments are photo-toxic to several marine invertebrates. More studies are required to determine if marine fauna at an oil spill site are effected by the action of photo-toxicity and photo-oxidation.     

处理焦化废水中难生物降解的有机毒物的研究

研究了Fenton试剂(H₂O₂+Fe2+)在紫外光(UV)幅照下,氧化处理焦化废水中难被生物降解的有机毒物的可行性,并对反应条件进行了优化,结果表明此法对焦化废水中包括多环芳烃(PAH)的所有有机毒物都有较强的去除能力。但如何降低处理费用,有待进一步工作。      

紫外差分分析仪在烟气超低排放监测中的应用

随着节能减排政策的深入实施,关于烟气排放的标准也越来越严格,在超低排放的工程改造中,需要加大对固定污染烟气排放的实时监测,才能达到相应的规范和排放标准,因此紫外差分分析仪在烟气超低排放监测中得到了推广和应用,本文就烟气监测采样技术和分析方法进行分析,针对紫外差分分析仪的各项指标,通过实验室检测结果和最新国家标准之间的对比,对其超低排监测中的应用进行探讨。     

Distribution of Ultraviolet solar Radiation at Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia

The ultraviolet UV solar radiation flux is monitored over a fixed time interval to study the daily, monthly and annual variations for a nearly one decade in Riyadh. Mathematical expressions will be presented based on a comparison between theoretical and experimental values. It is believed that the present analysis of UV radiation suggest that the environmental effects led to a better understanding of UV scattering, UV reflection, ozone and clouds layers in Riyadh and other selected areas in the mid-east region.     

紫外分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的研究

目前,测定水中挥发酚一般采用4-氨基安替比林直接比色法和萃取法.为了克服4-氨基安替比林比色法测定挥发酚时需蒸馏、试剂不稳定等缺点或不足,提高挥发酚的检测上限,本文提出用紫外光度法测定水中挥发酚.用浓磷酸固定水样,用三氯甲烷、乙醚萃取水样,使挥发酚转移到乙醚中,排除多种离子的干扰;加入无水硫酸钠脱水,用乙醚定容,269 nm处测定吸光度.此方法不仅使测定范围增大到0.409～120 mg/L,且简便、快速、准确.本方法与标准方法有很好的可比性,同时,有很好的重现性.     

Potential direct fitness consequences of ornament-based mate choice in a butterfly

Female mate choice has been shown to provide direct mating benefits in several animal groups. In butterflies, for which there are increasing reports of fine-scale color-based mate choice, the evolutionary benefits that accrue from such mating biases, if any, are largely unknown. We addressed this issue in the butterfly Colias eurytheme, a species in which females choose mates on the basis of iridescent ultraviolet (UV) wing ornamentation and in which males donate reproductively beneficial nuptial gifts. In the first experiment, we assessed the mass of gifts donated to 77 virgin females by males sampled directly from a field encounter site. Despite large variance in the male adult phenotype and ejaculate, no single aspect of dorsal wing coloration, including UV brightness, chroma, or hue, was related to ejaculate mass. There was, however, an interesting interaction between the effects of male body size and copula duration upon ejaculate mass, with size scaling positively with ejaculate mass among males involved in shorter copulations (those lasting <70 min) but negatively among males in longer copulations. In the second experiment, we assessed the lifetime fecundity, fertility, and longevity of 85 females mated under similar circumstances to free-flying wild males. Although several wing color parameters proved subtly informative in more sophisticated multivariable models, no model predicted more than about 20% of the variation in any single female fitness parameter. The duration of copulation, which ranged from 35 min to over 16 h and which carries putative costs for females, was, again, only very weakly predicted by male wing color parameters (i.e., R ² = 0.089). Given the overall minor predictive power of male wing coloration in general and of UV brightness in particular, our results do not strongly support the hypothesis that female C. eurytheme prefer bright UV males to obtain direct benefits or to minimize the costs associated with lengthy copulations.     

Carotenoid-based ornamentation as a dynamic but consistent individual trait

Carotenoid-based ornaments act as signals of quality in many animal species. In contrast to feathers, which are relatively stable structures, carotenoid-pigmented integuments (e.g. bills, lores, tarsi) can change colour rapidly and may better reflect changes in physiological condition. I studied the seasonal variations in plasma carotenoids in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) kept on a constant diet and free of intestinal parasites. Furthermore, I analyzed whether seasonal changes in circulating carotenoids were mirrored by the carotenoid-based coloration of eye rings and bill of this species. Plasma carotenoids showed seasonal variation, with higher levels coinciding with the end of the mating and the start of the laying season. Eye ring pigmentation was related to plasma carotenoid levels, and changes in bill hue (but not changes in UV or red bill chroma) mirrored the variation in plasma carotenoids during the breeding season. Despite the seasonal variation, individual differences in eye ring pigmentation and bill hue, UV and red chroma were consistent throughout the breeding season. Similarly, individual differences in eye ring pigmentation and bill hue and red chroma remained consistent between consecutive years. These results suggest that carotenoid based integumentary colorations act as dynamic traits that accurately reflect the carotenoid-status of individuals, thus reliably indicating consistent differences in individual quality. Furthermore, variability in signal expression appears to have a relevant genetic/phenotypic basis independently of environmental conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于TUV模式的对流层光解速率影响因子的研究

应用TUV辐射传输模式进行了一系列的敏感性试验,以期确定影响对流层O₃和NO₂光解速率的关键性因子.结果表明,气溶胶的光学性质对光解速率的影响存在明显差异.在气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）一定的情况下,散射性越强,近地面光解速率越大;当AOD从0.5增加至2.5,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]极大值分别下降30.3%和13.1%.光解速率对较小的云光学厚度的变化比较敏感.云对J[NO₂]的影响存在明显的时间差异,在早晨和傍晚,J[NO₂]的衰减可以达到12%,而午时,J[NO₂]的衰减不足4%;在垂直方向上,云层的存在能够减小通过云层的光化辐射通量,有效降低云下光解速率,而云滴的后向散射特性能增大云上的光解速率.臭氧能够吸收300nm左右的紫外辐射,因而臭氧柱浓度变化对J[O¹D]有显著的影响,臭氧柱浓度从200DU增加至400DU,J[O¹D]极大值下降了53.1%,J[NO₂]极大值仅降低了1.0%.同时发现,气溶胶和云相对位置的改变对光解速率的垂直分布有较大的影响,气溶胶在云上时,高层的光解速率明显增大,且气溶胶的散射性越强,光解速率的增幅越大;当吸收性气溶胶位于云上时,使得高层光化辐射通量大量衰减,此时云层对于光解速率的影响比较微弱.     

土壤悬浮液中五氯酚钠（PCP-Na）的分析方法研究

探索了利用紫外分光光度法测定土壤悬浮液中五氯酚钠的方法。采用紫外可见分光光度计,选定在波长255．6nm处测定土壤悬浮液中五氯酚钠的含量,所得线性回归方程为Y=0．0287X＋0．0022,相关系数r=0．9999,检测限为0．016mg／L,加标回收率为93．357％～95．907％,实验结果表明此法简单、快速,准确性较高。