Effects of sublethal exposure to a pesticide on levels of energetic compounds in Anguilla anguilla.

Abstract

The effect of two sublethal fenitrothion concentrations (0.02 and 0.04 mg/L) on the energy metabolism of the european eel Anguilla anguilla and its recovery from intoxication was investigated. Analysis of various parameters such as glycogen, proteins and total lipids was made on liver and muscle eel tissues after 2, 8, 12, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72 and 96 hr of fenitrothion (0,0‐dimethyl 0–3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) exposure. Subsequently, the fish were allowed recovery periods of 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144 and 192 hr in clean water, and the same parameters were again evaluated. The results obtained during the exposure to the pesticide as well as during the recovery phase were used to calculate the caloric content in both tissues of A. anguilla. A reduction in energy reserves in the selected tissues was observed after exposure to both fenitrothion concentrations and the caloric content in those animals was lower than in the controls. Most of the metabolic disorders did not persist after allowing recovery in clean water during a week.     

生物破乳菌XH-1的破乳有效成分研究

对破乳菌XH-1（Bacillus mojavensis）的破乳效能进行研究,并对该菌所产生的破乳剂有效成分及其理化性质进行考察。结果表明,破乳菌XH-1全培养液针对O／w型模型乳状液24h破乳率为86．0％,48h破乳率可达100％;XH-1菌的破乳有效成分为胞外分泌物质,该物质耐低温、不耐高温、经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及尿素处理后其基本失活;采用不同蛋白质粗体方法对破乳活性物质进行处理,发现粗提产物均具有较好的破乳功能,说明该物质具有蛋白质的特性;经可见-紫外分光光度法扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现该生物破乳剂的有效成分为破乳菌株XH-1发酵产生的胞外蛋白类物质。     

多环麝香污染胁迫对蚯蚓特异性蛋白基因表达的影响

为了探讨蚯蚓特异性蛋白基因表达在监测多环麝香低水平长期暴露污染中的应用,选择蚯蚓热休克蛋白(HSP70)、钙网蛋白(CRT)、亲环素A(cyPA)、翻译控制肿瘤蛋白(TCTP)等代表性蛋白基因作为供试基因.采用自然土壤污染模拟实验,基于mRNA表达分子水平,研究吐纳麝香(AHTN)与佳乐麝香(HHCB)长期(28 d)污染胁迫对以上各特异性蛋白基因响应表达的影响.通过序列同源性比较与荧光定量PCR熔解曲线结果分析,表明设计的引物适合供试基因mRNA表达水平的检测.染毒暴露28 d后,当AHTN染毒浓度小于30μg.g-1或HHCB浓度小于50μg.g-1时,蚯蚓HSP70基因表达水平无显著变化,而AHTN浓度等于或大于30μg.g-1和HHCB浓度等于或大于50μg.g-1时,HSP70基因表达水平呈显著下调趋势;而各AHTN或HHCB浓度处理组中蚯蚓CRT基因显著上调表达;cyPA和TCTP基因表达水平与对照组比较均无呈现显著性差异.研究结果表明,HSP70与CRT等基因的响应表达有望成为表征多环麝香土壤污染暴露水平及生态毒理效应的潜在生物标志物.     

Characterisation of cobalt‐binding proteins in occupational cobalt exposuret†

In animal experimentations cobalt is found to be carcinogenic under conditions which are comparable with a possible exposure of human beings at the workplace.^1,2 Little is known about binding and distribution of incorporated cobalt in blood.

Blood, serum and plasma of workers occupationally exposed to cobalt were analyzed concerning cobalt‐binding. The samples were focused by preparative IEF in layers of granulated gels. The cobalt concentrations in the isolated fractions were measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole blood samples exhibit peaks with different sizes in the pH‐5‐ and ‐7‐range. The proportion of these peaks can change with individual samples. In serum and plasma cobalt is found only in the pH‐5‐range.

When separated by gelelectrophoresis under denaturating conditions the cobalt‐fractions in all blood, serum and plasma samples shows a similar protein pattern. Several proteins with different molecular weights are detected in the pH‐5‐fractions, whereas only hemoglobin is found in the pH‐7‐fractions. In agreement with these results is the refocusing in ultrathin‐layer of polyacrylamide. Heterogeneous protein patterns are demonstrated with the pH‐5‐fractions; the pH‐7‐fractions yield only the hemoglobin pattern.

In vivo cobalt is bound to plasma proteins‐perhaps‐albumin^3,4‐and hemoglobin. Till now the chemical structure of the binding is unknown.     

Induction of mercury‐binding peptide in whole cells and anucleated cells of Acetabularia calyculus

The present study reports the isolation and partial purification of a mercury‐binding polypeptide in whole and anucleated cells of Acetabularia calyculus. Sephadex G‐75 Gel filtration showed that cells exposed to Hg exhibit a major peak of protein(s) concomitant with both, a major peak of Hg (revealed by atomic absorption spectroscopy), and the major peak of mercury‐thiolate complex (based on a high 254 nm absorbance) accompanied by high content of SH groups. SDS‐Page electrophoresis showed that this peak contains one major polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 27.000 dalton. These results are in agreement with our previous finding of unusually high bioconcentration factor of Hg in Acetabularia related to the induction of a polypeptide in both, whole and anucleated cells of Acetabularia, in presence of Hg.     

1株异养硝化菌胞外聚合物的研究

研究异养硝化菌(Acinetobacter sp.YY-5)在不同生长时期胞外聚合物(EPS)组成成分及其变化规律.利用热处理提取YY-5菌的EPS,分析该菌株在不同生长时期EPS组分,包括蛋白质、总糖、核酸和游离氨基酸等.并进一步把蛋白质水解成氨基酸,分析其氨基酸的变化规律及其对蛋白质理化性质的影响.结果表明,该菌株具有较高含量的EPS,且其在稳定期时EPS含量最高.在不同时期分泌的EPS组分均以蛋白质为主.EPS中各组分含量及其变化规律与该菌生长状态密切相关,在该菌株生长过程中,EPS中各组分的变化情况:蛋白质从14.599 mg.g-1增加到28.489 mg.g-1后减少为15.139 mg.g-1;总糖从6.757 mg.g-1增加到10.199 mg.g-1后减少为7.857 mg.g-1.核酸从1.56 mg.g-1一直增加到6.287 mg.g-1;游离氨基酸从3.713 mg.g-1增加到4.374 mg.g-1后减少为1.299 mg.g-1.蛋白质水解后,其中极性氨基酸呈先增加后减少的趋势,非极性氨基酸一直呈增加趋势;在生长过程中一直以带负电的氨基酸占优.     

好氧活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

研究了4种活性污泥处理工艺和两种污泥培养基质对好氧活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响,包括对EPS总量和组分的影响。EPS的提取总量以TOC来表示,并以DNA的浓度来衡量提取过程中细胞裂解的程度。结果发现,处理工艺不同,导致EPS的含量和组成不相同,主要体现在蛋白质和多糖含量比的不同;淀粉基质培养的污泥的EPS总量平均值比葡萄糖基质培养的污泥的EPS总量平均值略高一些,它们都比实际污水处理厂污泥的EPS含量高。     

Impact of Hazardous Exposure to Metals in the Nile and Delta Lakes on the Catfish, Clarias lazera

The impact of metal pollution in the Nile and Delta lakes was studied in Clarias lazera. Lake Edku is grouped as the site highest in metal concentrations. Compared to Lakes Maryût and Edku, the Nile stations displayed lower levels of metal contamination signifying their selection as reference sites. Metals were accumulated most by the liver, less by muscles and least by serum. Iron showed the highest bioconcentration factors (BCF) in liver, muscles or serum compared to other metals. Even after the refinement of the surrounding water, fish seem to uphold the metals that have been previously ingested. Mercury, in particular, seems to eventually reside in muscles rather than in liver. The positive relationship between total serum protein and metal contents may indicate the formation of specific metal-binding proteins. Meanwhile, serum hyperalbuminemia in polluted fish is probably a shock response towards the high stress index induced by metals. The hypothesis that most of serum copper is bound to ceruloplasmin is documented also in C. lazera. Moderate, but not extennsive, exposure to metals was quite stimulatory to liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) biosynthesis. AP could, thus, be considered as a promising bioindicator for assessing sublethal water intoxicosis.     

Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated adopting internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor.The contradistinctive experiment about short-term membrane fouling between aerobic granular sludge system and activated sludge system were investigated.The membrane foulants was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique.The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had excellent denitrification ability;the removal efficiency of TN could reach 90%.The aerobic granular sludge could alleviate membrane fouling effectively.The steady membrane flux of aerobic granular sludge was twice as much as that of activated sludge system.In addition,it was found that the aerobic granular sludge could result in severe membrane pore-blocking, however,the activated sludge could cause severe cake fouling.The major components of the foulants were identified as comprising of proteins and polysaccharide materials.