The Dechlorination of H6CDD,OCDD and OCDF on an Alumina support: Elucidation of the isomer pattern by multi linear regression and thermodynamic data

The dechlorination of OCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8‐H₆CDD is studies on an alumina support impregnated with activated carbon, copper chloride and potassium chloride. There is a high correlation between the isomer pattern found after dechlorination and molecular structure properties. We also found a substantial correlation between the isomer pattern and the Gibbs free energy of formation of the individual isomers. This suggests a thermodynamically controlled process.     

降解菌djl-6多菌灵水解酶的提取及性质

以往对多菌灵降解菌Rhodococcus qingshengii sp.nov.djl-6的降解途径研究显示,该菌株首先通过多菌灵水解酶将多菌灵水解成二氨基苯并咪唑,从而对多菌灵进行脱毒.为开发酶制剂并有效应用于环境中残留污染物多菌灵的降解,比较了不同提取方法(高压细胞破碎、超声波破碎和添加溶菌酶破碎)对多菌灵水解酶提取效率的影响,并对其酶学特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,djl-6菌株在LB培养基中培养72~84 h,生长量和产酶量均达到最大值.采用超声波破碎提取酶的效率较高(蛋白浓度为7.92 mg/mL),但酶活损失较大(比酶活只有1.2 U/μg protein).多菌灵水解酶属于一种胞内组成型酶.该酶水解多菌灵的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,Zn2+和K+对酶活有一定的抑制作用.     

罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6对三氯吡啶醇污染土壤的修复及能完全矿化毒死蜱工程菌株的构建

以毒死蜱降解中间代谢产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)高效降解菌罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6为材料,研究其在土壤中对TCP的降解特性。结果表明,温度、接菌量和初始底物浓度对TCP的降解都有影响,T6菌株降解TCP的最适温度为30℃,当土壤含菌量〔以菌落形成单位(CFU)计〕小于10×108kg-1时,降解率随着含菌量的增加而提高,当含菌量超过10×108kg-1时,降解率不再提高。降解率随着TCP初始浓度的增加而降低,当TCP初始浓度为50~100 mg·kg-1时,6 d内可将50 mg·kg-1TCP降解80%。利用基因工程手段,将来源于寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)DSP-1的甲基对硫磷水解酶基因(mpd)插入菌株T6基因组16S rRNA基因中,成功构建一株可彻底矿化毒死蜱的重组工程菌株T6-mpd。生长试验结果表明罗尔斯顿菌T6-mpd和T6的生长特性基本一致。对T6-mpd菌株降解毒死蜱的特性研究结果表明,在LB培养基中,T6-mpd对毒死蜱的水解效率与DSP-1基本一致,但在基础盐(MSM)培养基中,T6-mpd在60 h内对50 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仅为36%,显著低于DSP-1。模拟土壤原位修复试验结果表明,在含菌量为108kg-1条件下,T6-mpd在2 d内可将50mg·kg-1毒死蜱降解64%。认为T6-mpd菌株在毒死蜱残留污染环境修复中具有潜在的应用前景。     

醌呼吸影响厌氧消化产CO2/CH4及转化有毒物质的研究

利用蒽醌-2,6,-双磺酸(AQDS)为模式物在厌氧消化过程中富集醌呼吸微生物,考察了富集产物厌氧消化同步醌呼吸的产气特性和对有毒物质的转化.结果发现,富集产物具有较强的腐殖质还原能力,CO2:CH4为1.7,高于未富集污泥;不同来源的腐殖质因其具有不同的分子结构和醌功能基团数量,对污泥的醌呼吸的促进作用有所差别,而可从还原性腐殖质接受电子的Fe(III)可显著加强醌呼吸速率;醌呼吸微生物在pH4.5~6条件下获得较高活性,说明此时醌呼吸对厌氧消化贡献较大;富集产物以乙酸为电子供体时可快速转化苯和三氯乙烯, 27h的转化率分为85.9%和82.2%,并可以苯为电子供体以三氯乙烯为电子受体同时降解苯和还原三氯乙烯,30h内的转化率分别为81.7%和68.8%.     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.     

稀土La3+掺杂Bi2WO6光催化降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用水热合成法制备稀土元素La3+掺杂Bi2WO6光催化剂并考察其对染料废水中活性艳红X-3B的光催化活性.通过X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、N2物理吸附-脱附等手段对合成材料的结构、形貌、光吸收等物理化学性能进行表征.结果表明,La3+掺杂量为5%时,其结晶度好、颗粒均匀、具有较强的可见光吸收性能,且比表面积比纯Bi2WO6提高30%以上,对X-3B的去除效果最好.另外,催化剂投加量、X-3B初始浓度、反应溶液pH等因素对La3+掺杂Bi2WO6光催化降解X-3B均有重要影响.     

填埋场环境影响评价决策支持系统的研究和开发

通过分析我国填埋场环评存在的问题，本文提出采用VB6．0的方法，基于知识推理来建立填埋环境影响评价决策支持系统（LEIADSS），使填埋场环评工作标准化。实例研究显示，利用VB6．0编程语言可以方便的完成该系统的设计，且能使环评工作快速、准确的完成。     

ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’Albufera de Mallorca, Spain

Parc Natural sAlbufera de Mallorca is an internationally recognised resting area for a wide array of migratory birds, and like most wetlands it has many other ecological functions and socio-economic values. In the catchment, in which the wetland is situated, expanding tourism and intensification of agriculture place much pressure on a limited amount of freshwater. The freshwater supply to the wetland decreased due to water-extraction mainly driven by intensification of agriculture in the catchment. As a result saltwater intrusion increased since 1983–1985. This had considerable impacts on the ecological integrity of the wetland as reflected by changes in the state of the aquatic ecosystem. The distribution of submerged plants, less tolerant of salinity, declined or disappeared, while the distribution of species, known to prefer high salinity increased. As a contribution to the development of monitoring programs and management strategies that address both socio-economic and natural water demand, this article will formulate ecological criteria to assess the natural water demand by selection of (bio)indicators within the aquatic ecosystem.     

碱性处理铬离子废水的铁屑内电解法的研究与应用

采用电极电位理论描述了铁屑分别在酸性和碱性电解质溶液中形成原电池的原理,指出了在碱性条件下,Fe2＋和Cr6＋之间同样也可以发生氧化-还原反应。在铁屑内电解法处理碱性含铬废水时,处理前后可以不加任何酸、碱药剂,以彩色显像管厂含铬废水为例进行了试验,取得了满意的结果。