Global assessment of the biodiversity safeguards of development banks that finance infrastructure

Infrastructure development is a major driver of biodiversity loss globally. With upward of US$2.5 trillion in annual investments in infrastructure, the financial sector indirectly drives this biodiversity loss. At the same time, biodiversity safeguards (project-level biodiversity impact mitigation requirements) of infrastructure financiers can help limit this damage. The coverage and harmonization of biodiversity safeguards are important factors in their effectiveness and therefore warrant scrutiny. It is equally important to examine the extent to which these safeguards align with best-practice principles for biodiversity impact mitigation outlined in international policies, such as that of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We assessed the biodiversity safeguards of public development banks and development finance institutions for coverage, harmonization, and alignment with best practice. We used Institute of New Structural Economics and Agence Française de Développement's global database to identify development banks that invest in high-biodiversity-footprint infrastructure and have over US$500 million in assets. Of the 155 banks, 42% (n = 65) had biodiversity safeguards. Of the existing safeguards, 86% (56 of 65) were harmonized with International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard 6 (PS6). The IFC PS6 (and by extension the 56 safeguard policies harmonized with it) had high alignment with international best practice in biodiversity impact mitigation, whereas the remaining 8 exhibited partial alignment, incorporating few principles that clarify the conditions for effective biodiversity offsetting. Given their dual role in setting benchmarks and leveraging private finance, infrastructure financiers in development finance need to adopt best-practice biodiversity safeguards if the tide of global biodiversity loss is to be stemmed. The IFC PS6, if strengthened, can act as a useful template for other financier safeguards. The high degree of harmonization among safeguards is promising, pointing to a potential for diffusion of practices.     

幽门螺杆菌研究进展

幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ）是１９８２年Ｗａｒｒｅｎ和Ｍａｒｓｈａｌｌ等人［１］在培养人体胃粘膜活检组织样品时发现的,当时名为幽门弯曲杆菌（Ｃａｍｐｙｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ）;以后随着各方面研究的深入,Ｇｏｏｄｗｉｎ等［２］１９８９年建立了螺杆菌属（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）,才将Ｃ．Ｐｙｌｏｒｉ正式命名为Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉ．Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉ是人类慢性活动性胃炎（Ｂ型胃炎）及胃,十二指肠溃疡的重要病原菌,并且是肠型胃癌的诱发因素之一．因而,引起世界范围内对Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒ…     

不同温度下DD6单晶高温合金的燃气热腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究DD6高温合金在650、800、950℃等3种典型温度的燃气热腐环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试方法,研究不同温度下DD6高温合金的热腐蚀行为。结果与结论 随着温度的升高,合金的腐蚀速率呈逐渐增加的趋势。当温度为650、800℃时,合金的腐蚀速率较小;当温度为950℃时,表面腐蚀产物明显剥落,腐蚀程度明显增加。在650℃下,DD6合金的腐蚀层较薄,主要为Ni O、Al₂O₃等氧化物。在800、950℃下,腐蚀层分为2层,外层由2部分构成,最外侧为一薄层Ni O和Co₃O₄等的混合物,次外层为相对疏松的Ni O,内层为Al₂O₃和Cr₂O₃构成的相对致密的腐蚀层。腐蚀层下方的基体中,出现了γ’相退化区,并且出现了明显的内硫化现象,加剧了热腐蚀作用。     

Imidacloprid residues in fruits,vegetables and water samples from Palestine

The aim of this work was to report on imidacloprid [IUPAC name 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] residues in some vegetables, fruits, and water samples collected from the West Bank, Palestine, in 1998 and 1999. Imidacloprid and its derivatives in the study samples were extracted by methanol/water and oxidized into 6-chloronicotinic acid and subsequently derivatized into 6-chloronicotinic acid trimethylsilyl ester before being determined by GC/MS. Imidacloprid residues were detected in more than half of the analyzed samples. The highest and lowest imidacloprid concentrations were found in eggplant (0.46 mg/kg) and green beans (0.08 mg/kg), respectively. An increase of 11–120% in imidacloprid concentration in the 1999 samples was observed when compared with those of 1998. This may suggest imidacloprid accumulation in the soil and/or increased use by local farmers. The imidacloprid residue concentrations in several crops were found to exceed the CODEX maximum residue limit.     

A/O法活性污泥系统计算机模拟研究

介绍了以活性污泥 1号模型 (ASM1 )和固体通量沉淀模型为基础 ,结合反应器原理 ,用VB6 .0计算机语言建立A/O法活性污泥模拟器的方法 ,探讨了A/O法活性污泥系统的模拟工艺流程、各组分的物料平衡关系和欧拉法数值积分的步长选取等问题。模拟器的校准结果表明 ,该模拟器建立的思路和方法完全正确 ,可以用于A/O法活性污泥系统的模拟和预测。     

活性污泥处理系统的计算机模拟

介绍了以活性污泥1号模型(ASMI)和固体通量沉淀模型为基础．结合反应器原理．用VB6．0计算机语言建立城市污水活性污泥模拟器的方法,探讨了生物反应器和二沉池的模拟工艺流程、各组分的物料平衡关系和欧拉法数值积分的步长选取等问题。模拟器的校准结果表明,该模拟器建立的思路和方法是可靠的．可以用于城市污水生物处理系统的模拟和预测。     

气相色谱法测定废水中硝基化合物

建立了液液萃取—气相色谱测定硝基化合物的分析方法。用二氯甲烷萃取废水中的硝基化合物,毛细管色谱柱进行分离,用氢火焰检测器(FID)测定。由于2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸水溶性强,有机试剂无法萃取,而2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸受热能转化为1,3,5-三硝基苯,为此,对二氯甲烷萃取后的水样进行加热,再单独测定2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸。结果表明,该方法简单、快速、准确可靠。     

微乳液介质 - 4- (6- 甲氧基 - 8- 喹啉偶氮 )- 间苯三酚分光光度法测定微量铜

研究了溴代十六烷基吡啶、正丁醇、正庚烷和水自制微乳溶液介质中,4-（6-甲氧基-8-喹啉偶氮）-间苯三酚与铜的显色反应,建立了分光光度法测定微量铜的新方法。在显色液中铜的质量浓度在0.010 mg/L～0.700 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,铝合金和水样测定的RSD为0.3%～1.7%,加标回收率为96.3%～104%。     

龙眼miR167家族分子特性及其潜在靶标在体胚发生早期的表达模式

为了解miR167家族成员的分子特性及其可能互作的靶标在龙眼体胚发生早期的调控机制,采用生物信息学分析方法进行龙眼miR167基因家族序列分析、二级结构预测、分子进化树分析、靶基因预测及其靶标特异表达的FPKM值分析,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(quantitave real-time PCR,qPCR)检测miR1...     

介质阻挡放电降解SF6的研究

采用GC-TCD考察介质阻挡放电技术(DBD)处理SF6的效果,并采用红外吸收光谱进行产物分析.结果表明,电源电压的增加、放电时间的延长、气体介质分压的降低,以及少量其它气体(Ar,N2,O2,H2O,空气)的加入能够提高转化效果.另外,SF6的降解率随着空气湿度的增加而增加,28.2 kPa相对湿度为51%的空气与2.0 kPa SF6的混合气体放电后SF6降解率达92%.放电产物包括SiF4,SF4,SOF2,SOF4,SO2F2.