Conserving and managing the subnivium

In regions where snowfall historically has been a defining seasonal characteristic of the landscape, warming winters have reduced the depth, duration, and extent of snowpack. However, most management and conservation has focused on how aboveground wildlife will be affected by altered snow conditions, even though the majority of species that persist through the winter do so under the snowpack in a thermally stable refugium: the subnivium. Shortened winters, forest management practices, and winter recreation can alter subnivium conditions by increasing snow compaction and compromising thermal stability at the soil–snow interface. To help slow the loss of the subnivium in the face of rapidly changing winter conditions, we suggest managers adopt regional conservation plans for identifying threatened snow‐covered environments; measure and predict the effects land cover and habitat management has on local subnivium conditions; and control the timing and distribution of activities that disturb and compact snow cover (e.g., silvicultural practices, snow recreation, and road and trail maintenance). As a case study, we developed a spatially explicit model of subnivium presence in a working landscape of the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin. We identified landscapes where winter recreation and management practices could threaten potentially important areas for subnivium persistence. Similar modeling approaches could inform management decisions related to subnivium conservation. Current climate projections predict that snow seasons will change rapidly in many regions, and as result, we advocate for the immediate recognition, conservation, and management of the subnivium and its dependent species.     

基于3D响应曲面法与重离子辐射优化海迪茨氏菌降解原油的研究

基于模拟12C6+重离子辐射及生物降解特点,利用中心合成设计及响应曲面法优化了海迪茨氏菌去除原油中有机物过程中互动变量参数因子(辐射剂量、pH值、接种量与温度4个变量参数)及在5个不同水平下所有因素的响应特性,并利用GC-MS进行表征,验证分析降解原油目标函数模型对海迪茨氏菌去除原油样品中有机物的去除率.实验结果表明:二阶回归方程中回归系数β0、β1、β2、β3、β4、β1β2、β1β3、β1β4、β2β3、β2β4、β3β4、β21、β22、β23、β42对海迪茨氏菌降解原油影响效果显著;当辐射剂量与接种量范围分别为15～35Gy和2.5%～7.5%时,对原油的降解率(η)响应值能达到最高值62.6%.降解产物表征结果表明,模拟目标函数中的互动参数,当辐射剂35Gy、温度29℃、pH=6.75、接种量6.75%时,在第7d,原油样品中C16、C19、C25与C26完全被去除;在第14d,原油样品中C21、C22、C24与四甲基完全消失;第36d,原油样品中的C、C、C与3,5-二甲基十二烷的去除率分别达到83.5%、58.9%、65.8%、74.5%.     

直流电场处理后隆线溞趋光性对Cr6+ 和Hg2+ 的响应

为了利用水溞趋光性更灵敏地检测水体中的有毒物质,试验以自主选育的、趋光性强的隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)单克隆为材料,研究了直流电场对水溞趋光性的影响和对重金属Cr6+和Hg2+的响应.结果表明,在直流电场中,随电场强度增大和处理时间延长,隆线溞的趋光性由正变负.其中,不影响趋光性的临界电场强度和处理时间分别是0.01 mA和5 min.用0.01 mA的直流电场处理隆线溞5 min后,隆线溞对Cr6+或Hg2+的趋光指数检测下限显著降低,Cr6+的检测下限浓度由56μg·L-1(未经电场处理)下降为32μg·L-1(电场处理),Hg2+的检测下限浓度由5.6μg·L-1(未经电场处理)下降为4.2μg·L-1(电场处理).说明适当的直流电场处理隆线溞后,能显著降低水溞趋光指数检测毒物的下限,扩大检测范围,提高监测灵敏度.     

ZF_5-110型SF_6GIS组合电器的安全防护

介绍了SF_6组合电器中SF_6气体的物理性质、电气性质及有毒产物对人体伤害的影响。提出了SF_6设备的运行、试验、检修、事故处理、中毒急救等安全防护措施。     

Prenatally detected trisomy 4 and 6 mosaicism—cytogenetic results and clinical phenotype

We report on a live-born male with 46,XY/47,XY+4/47,XY,+6 mosaicism. Trisomy 4 mosaicism was detected by karyotyping chorionic villus samples (CVS) and was confirmed by the analysis of 16 metaphases obtained from cultured amniotic fluid cells. Eight metaphases were normal (46,XY), two had trisomy 4 (47,XY,+4), and two had trisomy 6 (47,XY,+6). Two postnatal chromosomal analyses of blood lymphocytes at birth and at the age of one week were normal. Chromosomal analysis of cultured skin fibroblasts from the right inguinal region at the age of 12 months revealed trisomy 4 (47,XY,+4) in 49 metaphases, trisomy 6 (47,XY,+6) in 2 metaphases, and a normal karyotype (46,XY) in 49 cells of the 100 analyzed metaphases, respectively. The main clinical findings consist of prenatal growth retardation, hypoplasia of the right side of the face, a dysplastic and posteriorly rotated right ear, a high vaulted palate, retrognathia, aplasia of the right thumb, hypoplasia of the fingernails, a deep sacral dimple, and patchy skin hypopigmentation of the right leg. When last seen at the age of 14 months, his development was nearly normal. Five patients with trisomy 4 mosaicism have been reported previously, but none with an additional trisomy 6 mosaicism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporating fragmentation and non‐native species into distribution models to inform fluvial fish conservation

Fluvial fishes face increased imperilment from anthropogenic activities, but the specific factors contributing most to range declines are often poorly understood. For example, the range of the fluvial‐specialist shoal bass (Micropterus cataractae) continues to decrease, yet how perceived threats have contributed to range loss is largely unknown. We used species distribution models to determine which factors contributed most to shoal bass range loss. We estimated a potential distribution based on natural abiotic factors and a series of currently occupied distributions that incorporated variables characterizing land cover, non‐native species, and river fragmentation intensity (no fragmentation, dams only, and dams and large impoundments). We allowed interspecific relationships between non‐native congeners and shoal bass to vary across fragmentation intensities. Results from the potential distribution model estimated shoal bass presence throughout much of their native basin, whereas models of currently occupied distribution showed that range loss increased as fragmentation intensified. Response curves from models of currently occupied distribution indicated a potential interaction between fragmentation intensity and the relationship between shoal bass and non‐native congeners, wherein non‐natives may be favored at the highest fragmentation intensity. Response curves also suggested that >100 km of interconnected, free‐flowing stream fragments were necessary to support shoal bass presence. Model evaluation, including an independent validation, suggested that models had favorable predictive and discriminative abilities. Similar approaches that use readily available, diverse, geospatial data sets may deliver insights into the biology and conservation needs of other fluvial species facing similar threats.     

必需脂肪酸及其代谢转化产物的营养生理功能研究进展

为了开发富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)这一功能性食品,需要我们更深入地认识n-3和n-6脂肪酸.必需脂肪酸α-亚麻酸和亚油酸分别是n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的母体,两者及其碳链延长产物是不能相互转化的.n-3和n-6脂肪酸的作用也不能相互替代.作为功能性食品成分的n-3和n-6脂肪酸具有预防心血管疾病、治疗高血脂症、轻度老年痴呆症、降低胆固醇血症的危险等作用.本文主要综述n-3和n-6脂肪酸的特殊作用、n-6和n-3脂肪酸之间的相互关系以及在开发富含n-3PUFA动物产品及食品方面的研究进展,并提出了今后尚待解决的问题.     

TRMM降水产品在鄱阳湖流域的精度评价

为对比TRMM 3B42 V6和V7两种版本的降水产品在鄱阳湖流域的估算精度,了解TRMM卫星资料在中国南方湿润区的应用前景,利用2003~2010年V6和V7在鄱阳湖流域的降水产品以及同期实测降水数据,从不同时间和空间尺度对比二者在鄱阳湖流域降水的估算精度。结果表明:(1)在年降水总量上,V6和V7的降水估算与实测降水差别不大,而在季和月降水尺度上,V6和V7的估算精度开始有所下降,但V7比V6结果要好一些,V7与实测降水的相关系数比V6与实测降水的相关系数高出0.1以上;(2)空间分布来看,V6和V7都能刻画出鄱阳湖流域降水自西南向东北方向递增的空间格局,但在修水流域和赣南地区,V6与实测降水偏差较大,而V7在这两个区域的降水估算精度有较大改善。总的来说,在鄱阳湖流域,V7估算的降水精度比V6有较大的提升。     

北京城区冬季空气污染时期C2~C6碳氢化合物含量特征

本研究于2015年冬季,在北京市东南城区开展了C2~C6碳氢化合物大气环境浓度在线监测,研究共检出25种C2~C6碳氢化合物,但鉴于分析仪器的局限性,未包含苯这一重要物种.检出的25种碳氢化合物含量之和(C2~C6 HCs)在12.4~297.5×10~(-9)范围内,不同的空气质量条件下,C2~C6 HCs平均含量分别为29.4×10~(-9)(Ⅰ级,PM_(2.5):35μg·m~(-3))、63.2×10~(-9)(Ⅱ级,PM_(2.5):35~75μg·m~(-3))、85.5×10~(-9)(Ⅲ级,PM_(2.5):75~150μg·m~(-3))、94.9×10~(-9)(Ⅳ级,PM_(2.5):150~250μg·m~(-3))、131.8×10~(-9)(Ⅴ级,PM_(2.5):250μg·m~(-3)),且碳氢化合物的化学组成亦有所差异,烷烃、烯烃、乙炔的摩尔比分别从Ⅰ级条件的47%、45%、7%,变为Ⅴ级条件的59%、30%、12%,烷烃和乙炔的比重上升;烯烃的比重下降.碳氢化合物日变化规律显示,C2~C6 HCs在优良日(PM_(2.5)小时浓度均低于75μg·m~(-3))和污染日(PM_(2.5)小时浓度均高于75μg·m~(-3)),均在08:00~09:00、17:00~18:00存在两个明显的峰值,与日交通峰值时间一致,显示了道路源对局地碳氢化合物浓度的显著影响.通过HCs与CO浓度比值研究,发现随着污染情况的加重,HCs/CO(×10~(-9)/×10~(-6))呈显著下降趋势:90.6(Ⅰ级)、63.8(Ⅱ级)、56.9(Ⅲ级)、37.4(Ⅳ级)、36.4(Ⅴ级).具体化合物与CO比值在污染条件(Ⅲ~Ⅴ)与优良条件(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)的变化率,与各化合物的OH反应速率关联性很差(R=-0.31),由此判断污染时期C2~C6碳氢化合物并未发生强烈的化学衰减.HCs/CO比值变化更多反映了污染源贡献的变化,后向轨迹分析表明,在优良日北京城区多受北部和西北部清洁气团影响,北部地区燃烧源较少,其气团HCs/CO比值较高;而在污染日北京城区受南部和西南部污染气团输送,南部地区工业燃烧源和散煤燃烧源均偏多,其气团HCs/CO值偏低.综上所述,本研究认为重污染过程,北京城区C2~C6碳氢化合物(未包含苯)未体现出显著的化学衰减,碳氢化合物浓度的大幅提升,不仅源于本地污染源的排放累积,还受到南部污染气团的输送贡献.     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium using fungi and bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and water samples

The reductive adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) using six indigenous microorganisms isolated from contaminated soil and water samples was investigated. Quantification of Cr⁶⁺ reduction was determined using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide method followed measuring the absorbance at OD₅₄₀. Bacterial isolates identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus firmus and Mycobacterium sp. were capable of absorbing Cr⁶⁺ efficiently into their biomass, whereas the fungal isolates, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp. and A. niger were capable of transforming Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ relative to cell-wall-binding properties. Infrared spectral analysis of functional groups showed that ?OH, ?NH₂ and C?O with conjugated ?NH were the binding groups responsible for adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ within the biomass of isolates. The data highlight the promising biotechnological application of these isolates in removing carcinogenic and mutagenic Cr⁶⁺ from contaminated ecosystems.