The ratio of clay content to total organic carbon content is a useful parameter to predict adsorption of the herbicide butachlor in soils

Thirteen soils collected from 11 provinces in eastern China were used to investigate the butachlor adsorption. The results indicated that the total organic carbon (TOC) content, clay content, amorphous Fe2O3 content, silt content, CEC, and pH had a combined effect on the butachlor sorption on soil. Combination of the data obtained from the 13 soils in the present study with other 23 soil samples reported by other researchers in the literature showed that Koc would be a poor predictive parameter for butachlor adsorption on soils with TOC content higher than 4.0% and lower than 0.2%. The soils with the ratio of clay content to TOC content (RCO) values less than 60 adsorbed butachlor mainly by the partition into soil organic matter matrix. The soils with RCO values higher than 60 apparently adsorbed butachlor by the combination of the partition into soil organic matter matrix and adsorption on clay surface.     

减排六氟化硫应对全球气候变化

SF6为目前认为具有最高温室气体暖化潜势的气体,也是《京都议定书》控制的6种温室气体之一,对气候的影响能力不可忽视。SF6气体的应用所造成的温室效应与环境污染问题,已备受全球关注,sF6减排已成为社会责任。减少sF6气体排放量,是控制温室气体排放的重要手段之一。随着sF6气体使用量的增加和使用范围的扩大,在合理使用和管理sF6气体的同时,研究逐步减少sF6气体使用比例,减少sF6气体排放量,减少其对温室效应贡献的应对策略,保护我们赖以生存的环境已显得十分迫切。     

城市垃圾填埋场建设环境影响评价支持系统设计

我国卫生填埋场产生的环境污染愈来愈突出，引起人们普遍关注。填埋场建设之前做好环境影响评价，对于垃圾填埋场选址，建设，管理，以及有效防止填埋场对环境污染显得非常重要。填埋场环境影响评价考虑因素很多，需要应用较多的数学模型及方法。鉴于此，在对其环境影响系统分析基础上本文建立了一个评价内容全面，实用性强，规范快速的填埋环境影响评价系统EIASL(Environmental Impact Assessment System of Landfill)。     

活性污泥缺氧转化1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸简

1-2-7-三氨基-8-羟基-3-6-萘二磺酸（TAHNDS）作为偶氮染料的脱色产物很难被常规的厌氧-好氧染料废水处理工艺所去除。研究了未经驯化的活性污泥对TAHNDS的缺氧转化效果。结果表明,只有在特定的缺氧条件下（ORP在-50~-150 mV之间）,TAHNDS才能被活性污泥所降解转化。当浓度在10~80 mg/L范围内,TAHNDS可在72 h内转化93%以上。加入100 mg/L的硝酸盐和0.64 mmol/L的氧化还原介体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）可将40 mg/L的TAHNDS的转化时间从84 h缩短到36 h。光谱及HPLC-MS分析表明,TAHNDS在缺氧条件下主要是通过脱氨基和脱磺酸作用生成已知可好氧生物降解的3,5-二氨基-4-羟基萘-2-磺酸。因此,缺氧处理有望作为预处理工艺促进废水中TAHNDS的完全降解。     

Coupled anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol

Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol(TCP) with co-immobilizing anaerobic granular sludge and isolated aerobic bacterial species was studied in coupled anaerobic/aerobic integrated reactors. The synergism of aerobes and anaerobes within co-immobilized granule might facilitate degrading the TCP and exchange of anaerobic metabolites 4-CP, which promoted system organic removal efficiency and recovered from organic shock-loads more quickly. The bionmass specific activities experiment further confirmed that strict anaerobes be not affected over the crsurse of this experiment by the presence of an oxic environment, aerobic activity predominated in the outer co-immobilized grange layers,while the interior was characterized by anaerobic activity. The co-immobilized granule could thus enable both aerobic and anaerobic microbes function in the same reactor and thereby integrate the oxidative and reductive catabolism.     

农业废物堆肥化中理化参数对GH6家族基因影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究农业废物稻草堆肥化过程中参与纤维素降解的糖苷水解酶GH6家族基因的变化,并使用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)和蒙特卡罗置换检验(Monte Carlo permutation test)研究了生物信息矩阵与环境因子矩阵间的相关性.结果表明,8个理化参数对GH6家族基因变化影响的相对大小为:p H堆体温度TN(total nitrogen)TOM(total organic matters)C/N(TOC/TN)含水率环境温度WSC(water soluble carbon),8个理化参数共解释了83.1%的GH6家族基因变化,对GH6家族基因变化有重要影响,其中pH(P=0.002)、堆体温度(P=0.004)和TN(P=0.004)是影响GH6家族基因变化的显著因子,三者分别解释了24.92%、15.57%和15.04%的GH6家族基因变化.含GH6家族基因的优势菌种在堆体不同时期有所不同.GH6家族基因的多样性和丰度随堆肥化进程整体呈现出波动趋势.基于冗余分析的t-value分析表明3个显著因子对GH6家族基因的动态变化具有不同的正负相关性.     

贫燃条件Ag-Rh/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3协同催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的原位红外研究

将Ag-Rh浸渍到共沉淀法合成的Ce-Zr-Al上,制备出Ag(0.04)-Rh(x)/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2-75%Al2O3系列催化剂,采用BET比表面积、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨催化剂在贫燃条件下选择性还原NO的活性和反应机理.结果表明,Ag-Rh双组分催化剂的活性较单组分Ag、Rh催化剂的高.Rh负载量为0.7%(质量分数)时,NO转化率达最佳(90.3%),且反应的起燃温度低、活性温度范围宽(300～500℃).DRIFTS结果显示,Rh的添加不仅有利于催化剂表面NO的吸附,而且能促进Ag催化生成关键反应中间体—CO—NH—,进而显著提高NO的转化率.     

The perpetual state of emergency that sacrifices protected areas in a changing climate

A modern challenge for conservation biology is to assess the consequences of policies that adhere to assumptions of stationarity (e.g., historic norms) in an era of global environmental change. Such policies may result in unexpected and surprising levels of mitigation given future climate‐change trajectories, especially as agriculture looks to protected areas to buffer against production losses during periods of environmental extremes. We assessed the potential impact of climate‐change scenarios on the rates at which grasslands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) are authorized for emergency harvesting (i.e., biomass removal) for agricultural use, which can occur when precipitation for the previous 4 months is below 40% of the normal or historical mean precipitation for that 4‐month period. We developed and analyzed scenarios under the condition that policy will continue to operate under assumptions of stationarity, thereby authorizing emergency biomass harvesting solely as a function of precipitation departure from historic norms. Model projections showed the historical likelihood of authorizing emergency biomass harvesting in any given year in the northern Great Plains was 33.28% based on long‐term weather records. Emergency biomass harvesting became the norm (>50% of years) in the scenario that reflected continued increases in emissions and a decrease in growing‐season precipitation, and areas in the Great Plains with higher historical mean annual rainfall were disproportionately affected and were subject to a greater increase in emergency biomass removal. Emergency biomass harvesting decreased only in the scenario with rapid reductions in emissions. Our scenario‐impact analysis indicated that biomass from lands enrolled in the CRP would be used primarily as a buffer for agriculture in an era of climatic change unless policy guidelines are adapted or climate‐change projections significantly depart from the current consensus.     

太湖地区几种水稻土团聚体颗粒组中PAHs的分布及其环境意义

以太湖地区代表性的青紫泥、黄泥土、白土等3种水稻土为研究对象,采用低能量分离-分散法提取得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,用HPLC测定了本土和分离得到的团聚体颗粒组中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,供试水稻土不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组中PAHs含量分布存在差异,PAHs总含量以＜2μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组最高,其次是200～2000μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组,PAHs在这2个团聚体颗粒组有明显富集现象(富集系数为1.25～3.92);而20～200μm和2～20 μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组中PAHs含量小于本土,呈现亏缺现象(富集系数为0.64～0.88).考虑到不同粒径团聚体颗粒组的相对组成,水稻土中PAHs主要分布于20～200μm和200～2000μm 2个团聚体颗粒组中,而在＜2μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组中最少.PAHs在不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组中的含量分布与其总有机碳、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸碳的含量有关,并在很大程度上受芳构化疏水性有机物含量的控制.因此,水稻土不同粒径团聚体颗粒中有机碳及其组分的性质影响着这些团聚体颗粒组分对PAHs的吸持与固定.     

福建惠安核电厂址SF6示踪试验研究

2 0 0 2年 7月在福建惠安核电拟选厂址复杂地形进行了 15次SF6示踪试验 .试验发现 ,在不同天气条件下 ,SF6烟羽呈现过宽、过窄扩散及越山、绕流等现象 .将此次试验推荐的扩散参数与P G扩散参数系及其它实验结果进行了比较分析 .