Study on the initial velocity distribution of exhaled air from coughing and speaking

Increasing concerns about the spread of airborne pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) have attracted public attention to bioaerosols and protection against them. The airborne pathogens are likely to be expelled from coughing or speaking, so the physical data of the exhaled particles plays a key role in analyzing the pathway of airborne viruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the initial velocity and the angle of the exhaled airflow from coughing and speaking of 17 males and 9 females using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and acrylic indoor chamber. The results showed that the average initial coughing velocity was 15.3 m/s for the males and 10.6 m/s for the females, while the average initial speaking velocity was 4.07 m/s and 2.31 m/s respectively. The angle of the exhaled air from coughing was around 38° for the males and 32° for the females, while that of the exhaled air from speaking was around 49° and 78° respectively. Also, the linear relation between the tested subject’s height and their coughing and speaking velocity was shown in this study.     

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis of flame structure

An experimental study of methane–air flame propagation in a duct is reported. A flat duct was chosen to allow optical visualization and flame propagation measurements. The duct was equipped with optical-quality windows to allow Schlieren visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) velocity measurements. The flame propagation velocity, flow structure, and velocity distribution in the flame for a different air excess factor are reported.     

不同来流下火旋风的实验研究

已有的实验研究和数值模拟表明:火旋风存在一种中空燃烧的状态.本文通过燃烧风洞,对不同来流影响下的火旋风进行分析研究.通过一个置于大型燃烧风洞中的边角开有切向进风口的六边形小尺寸火旋风发生模型,应用热电偶测温和皮托管测速以及电子数据采集系统,对该模型内的温度分布数据和速度分布数据进行采集.通过燃烧风洞改变来流速度的大小,分析不同来流速度下火旋风内部的温度分布、速度分布和持续时间,研究来流速度对火旋风内部燃烧结构的影响、火旋风旋转速度的影响以及持续时间的影响.研究表明:来流改变了火旋风内部的燃烧结构,促进了中空燃烧状态的形成.中空燃烧状态有一个中心的低温区域.在中心低温区域温度最低时,火旋风持续时间最长.来流增强了火旋风的整体转动,并且加剧了火旋风的螺旋状上升.     

湖流作用下太湖底泥再悬浮和NH4-N释放规律研究

在矩形水槽中模拟了太湖底泥起动再悬浮规律,分析了湖流流速对太湖底泥再悬浮及NH4-N释放的作用规律.结果显示:当流速小于20 cm/s时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,水体中浊度及NH4-N浓度变化不大;当流速大于40cm/s时,底泥发生大规模悬浮,水体中浊度和NH4-N浓度显著提高.试验以少量动作为底泥起动的标准,得出太湖底...     

Experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of leak shapes and sizes for gas pipeline

In this paper, a parametric study has been carried out to predict the exit velocity of air through the leakage in the pipe with the help of CFD software ANSYS Fluent. The effect of air pressure in the pipe and the shape of leakage have been studied. Further experiments were also carried out to determine the exit velocity for the defined shape of leakage by varying the air pressure in the pipe. Experimentally, the velocity at a distance of 8 cm from the location of a leak in the horizontal plane was obtained with the help of differential pressure transducers. Using the experimental results, the computational results were validated. The results of the parametric simulation study showed that even for a pressure of 2 bars the velocity profile at the leak location indicates the supersonic state where the Mach number is greater than 1. The study is useful because it may be used as a foundation for risk assessment and safety management in the case of flammable gas leaks through gas pipes.