Experiments probing the influence of air exchange rates on secondary organic aerosols derived from indoor chemistry

Reactions between ozone and terpenes have been shown to increase the concentrations of submicron particles in indoor settings. The present study was designed to examine the influence of air exchange rates on the concentrations of these secondary organic aerosols as well as on the evolution of their particle size distributions. The experiments were performed in a manipulated office setting containing a constant source of d-limonene and an ozone generator that was remotely turned “on” or “off” at 6 h intervals. The particle number concentrations were monitored using an optical particle counter with eight-channels ranging from 0.1–0.2 to>2.0 μm diameter. The air exchange rates during the experiments were either high (working hours) or low (non-working hours) and ranged from 1.6 to>12 h⁻¹, with intermediate exchange rates. Given the emission rates of ozone and d-limonene used in these studies, at an air exchange rate of 1.6 h⁻¹ particle number concentration in the 0.1–0.2 μm size-range peaked 1.2 h after the ozone generator was switched on. In the ensuing 4.8 h particle counts increased in successive size-ranges up to the 0.5–0.7 μm diameter range. At higher air exchange rates, the resulting concentrations of total particles and particle mass (calculated from particle counts) were smaller, and at exchange rates exceeding 12 h⁻¹, no excess particle formation was detectable with the instrument used in this study. Particle size evolved through accretion and, in some cases, coagulation. There was evidence for coagulation among particles in the smallest size-range at low air exchange rates (high particle concentrations) but no evidence of coagulation was apparent at higher air exchange rates (lower particle concentrations). At higher air exchange rates the particle count or size distributions were shifted towards smaller particle diameters and less time was required to achieve the maximum concentration in each of the size-ranges where discernable particle growth occurred. These results illustrate still another way in which ventilation affects human exposures in indoor settings. However, the ultimate effects of these exposures on health and well being remain to be determined.     

Modeling particle loss in ventilation ducts

Empirical equations were developed and applied to predict losses of 0.01–100 μm airborne particles making a single pass through 120 different ventilation duct runs typical of those found in mid-sized office buildings. For all duct runs, losses were negligible for submicron particles and nearly complete for particles larger than 50 μm. The 50th percentile cut-point diameters were 15 μm in supply runs and 25 μm in return runs. Losses in supply duct runs were higher than in return duct runs, mostly because internal insulation was present in portions of supply duct runs, but absent from return duct runs. Single-pass equations for particle loss in duct runs were combined with models for predicting ventilation system filtration efficiency and particle deposition to indoor surfaces to evaluate the fates of particles of indoor and outdoor origin in an archetypal mechanically ventilated building. Results suggest that duct losses are a minor influence for determining indoor concentrations for most particle sizes. Losses in ducts were of a comparable magnitude to indoor surface losses for most particle sizes. For outdoor air drawn into an unfiltered ventilation system, most particles smaller than 1 μm are exhausted from the building. Large particles deposit within the building, mostly in supply ducts or on indoor surfaces. When filters are present, most particles are either filtered or exhausted. The fates of particles generated indoors follow similar trends as outdoor particles drawn into the building.     

金川矿井通风网络自动简化数学模型与简化技术

重点论述了矿井通风网络自动简化数学模型以及简化技术 ;用网络简化程序框图及网络简化过程、结果、层次图 ,介绍了网络简化程序 ;给出了应用这一自动简化技术的实例     

The effect of ventilation on spontaneous heating of coal

Ventilation plays an important role in the spontaneous heating of coal in an underground coal mine. If the ventilation rate is too high, heat is carried away by convection. If the ventilation rate is too low, the reaction rate becomes oxygen-limited. The effect of ventilation on the spontaneous heating of coal was investigated in an isothermal oven in this study. Experiments were conducted on three U.S. coal samples with ventilation rates ranging from 100 to 500 cm³/min. Experiments under ventilation were conducted to determine the critical ambient temperature, which is the minimum oven temperature required for a coal sample to achieve thermal runaway. Spontaneous heating tests were then conducted at various ventilation rates at the critical ambient temperature and the results were compared with spontaneous heating tests without ventilation. It was found that there is an optimum ventilation flow to produce the maximum rate of temperature rise at the critical ambient temperature. When the coal sample particle size was increased, a higher critical ambient temperature was required. The results in this study have application in the prevention of spontaneous combustion in underground coal mines.     

聚合物燃烧放热的通风

本文在小尺寸试件燃烧实验的基础上,着重研究了几种典型聚合物燃烧时放热参数的变化规律及其通风影响,通过实验数据的拟合和分析,揭示了燃烧放热、通风条件和燃料种类之间复杂的关系,给出了由放热参数决定的可燃性区域,得到了一些新的结论,有助于材料放热特性认识和室内火分析的进一步深入。     

井下铁矿通风防尘技术措施效果的卫生学评价

对18家大中型井下铁矿通风防尘技术措施效果进行了卫生学评价。其结果表明:采取通风防尘技术措施,井下铁矿作业环境得到显著改善,五十年代与八十年代相比,粉尘浓度由31.4mg/m~3降到3.4mg/m~3;粉尘合格率由19.6％上升至57.9％。在作业环境逐步改善的同时,粉尘危害也不断减轻,五十年代与八十年代相比,接尘工人矽肺发病工龄由10.67年延长至23.42年;矽肺患者死亡年龄由50.35岁延长至60.25岁。综合防尘前后矽肺累积发病率分别为11.23％与1.65％,二者差异显著。     

煤矿矿井乏风瓦斯利用方法浅谈

甲烷是仅次于二氧化碳的重要温室气体,甲烷排入大气而引起气候异常以及对臭氧层的破坏,已经成为全世界共同面临的重大问题。矿井乏风是最大的甲烷工业排放源,收集和利用煤矿乏风瓦斯,减少温室气体排放,是我国面临的紧迫任务。本文根据近几年从事矿井乏风处理项目环评工作经验,对目前煤矿所采用的乏风氧化处理方法进行了探讨,并对乏风处理后带来的环境效益进行了阐述。     

多级机站通风系统在武山铜矿的应用

介绍了武山铜矿北矿带西部通风系统实施多级机站改造的技术和方法,及改造后的效果。     

机掘工作面有效通风及其评价指标研究

就评价机掘工作面的有效通风提出了空气年龄、空气品质、换气效率、排污效率等概念,并分析给出了其指标的计算模型。有效通风指标不仅与空气年龄有关,而且与掘进工作面通风气流组织、污染物浓度及分布特性有关。提高机掘工作面空气品质,除了要提高换气排污效率外,还应有效地组织掘进工作面的通风气流     

通风条件对城市污水厂污泥好氧堆肥过程的影响

本文选择堆肥熟料作为添加剂与城市污水厂污泥混合进行好氧堆肥。通过对温度、耗氧速率、有机物、含水率、pH值和氨氮等指标的分析,重点研究了不同通风条件对堆肥过程的影响。实验结果表明,污泥与熟料混合后,有机物含量较低,堆肥速率较快,对通风条件的改变比较敏感。当通风量低于0.025m3/(m3.min)时,堆肥前期系统供氧不足,堆肥速率较慢,耗时长,同时堆体内变为厌氧环境,pH值变低,臭气产生量高;当通风量高于0.05m3/(m3.min)以及采用变风量通风时,在保证供氧量充足的同时,具有较长的高温期,具有臭气产生量小、堆肥速率快的优点,但采用变风量通风更加节能。