Transnational environmental standards in Eastern Europe: an assessment of companies in Lithuania and their adoption motives

During the last few decades, many environmental certification schemes were developed to enhance transparency and traceability within commodity chains. Most of them are transnational schemes, which means that they were created by non-governmental organizations and/or the private sector, independently from governments. This article aims to examine how local certified companies assess the functioning of such private environmental certification. It presents the results of an empirical research about the expectations and satisfaction of certified companies in Lithuania. Empirical data were collected through a survey with 90 companies certified by one of the three major transnational environmental standards: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) for the forestry and logging, Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for fishing and aquaculture, and Oeko-Tex for the production of textiles. The results revealed that most companies have adopted these standards quite recently, indicating that it is generally a new trend in Lithuania. The findings suggest that the overall expectations with the standards’ functions, such as sending signals to clients or getting more market share, were higher than the satisfaction in all cases. The main transnational environmental standard adoption motive was the client demand. It turned out, however, that later after the certification procedure the majority of the companies were most satisfied with the market opportunities that opened up. Furthermore, the companies expected certification to operate best as a market-based mechanism; but most satisfactory performance was accredited to the signalling mechanism. Research suggests that certification provides various benefits for the companies, but the expectations might be rather exaggerated.     

大气颗粒物物理化学属性致病效应与损伤机制的研究进展

近些年,我国大气颗粒物所带来的健康问题越发突出,由此产生的环境疾病日益引起人们的广泛关注。大量的流行病学和毒理学研究发现,大气颗粒物能引起呼吸系统、心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统等的损伤,造成新生儿出生缺陷,增加罹患癌症的风险,且与人群发病率和死亡率上升有关。但是由于大气颗粒物物化属性比较复杂,一种或几种损伤机制并不能完全解释其与致病效应的关系,因此具体的损伤机制目前还没有统一的说法,大气颗粒物物理化学属性与致病效应的关系仍在探索当中。本文从大气颗粒物的粒径、浓度、比表面积、来源、成分等基本属性入手,剖析其基本特点和可能影响健康的原因,探讨大气颗粒物通过氧化损伤途径诱导致病效应,并结合当前大气颗粒物健康影响研究现状提出在未来研究中应注重的相关内容。     

我国游乐设施安全法规体系的建立与分析

从我国游乐设施相关法律、法规、规章、技术规范和技术标准5个层次入手,梳理并分析了我国目前游乐设施安全法规与技术标准体系,针对游乐设施法律的欠缺、安全技术规范不能涵盖全部游乐设施及其安全监察、游乐设施的设计理念偏颇、现有游乐设施法规标准对游乐设施的一些要求与国际不接轨且量化要求不足等问题,笔者提出了国家应尽快制定颁布《特种设备安全法》或游乐设施的相关法律,早日填补游乐设施在型式试验、安全评价、评估、寿命预测、预警和进出口大型游乐设施监督管理办法的安全技术规范空白,改变游乐设施设计理念,完善游乐设施安全技术规范和技术标准的量化要求,尽快使我国游乐设施安全法规与技术标准体系适应国情并与国际体系接轨。     

土壤重金属污染的调控机理及应用研究

土壤重金属物污染的调控机理和应用研究,是国内外重金属污染土壤修复技术研究的热点和前沿领域。通过利用生物作用、理化措施等调控技术,可降低土壤中重金属的有效态浓度,降低其生物有效性及迁移性。文章阐述了利用植物、微生物、化学改良剂等修复土壤重金属污染的调控机理、影响因素、应用技术等方面的研究现状,讨论了植物修复、微生物作用、固定沉淀、吸附络合、有机络合及螯合、离子拮抗等原理与措施,并提出了其研究应用的发展趋势和展望。     

硅灰基吸附甲醛材料的制备与吸附机理

研发新型、高效吸附甲醛的无机材料已成为热点,采用Na2SiO3·9H2O和KOH化学改性工业硅灰制备硅质溶胶,经水热反应合成吸附材料（S）,红外光谱分析（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果证实硅灰中的Si—O结构发生变化,形成更多具有层状或架状结构、微观上呈现多孔结构的物质,BET结果表明其平均孔径为37 nm。通过将其与活性炭（C）以及KOH改性活性炭（CA）对甲醛的吸附性能对比发现,S对甲醛的去除率最高（79.3%）,且其循环吸附性能优良。3种样品对甲醛的吸附动力学均满足Langmuir一级吸附模型,甲醛的变化规律均符合指数衰减模型C=y0+A1exp （-x/t）,且y0与吸附材料的性质密切相关。提出并阐述了3种吸附材料对甲醛的吸附机理,硅灰基吸附材料除了物理吸附,还有-Si-OH与甲醛之间的氢键作用。     

The ecohealth system and the community engagement movement in foundations: A case study of mutual benefits from grants funded by the United Nations Foundation

Ecohealth is a process for identifying key environmental determinants causing mortality or morbidity and combating them by mobilizing multiple social sectors. Evolving out of the concept of environmental health, ecohealth provides a framework for long‐term sustainability. The health outcomes anticipated by environmental interventions are part of a long‐term agenda and require fundamental groundwork for the growth of community‐driven development. Building long‐term sustainability requires that two key approaches be developed through ecohealth. The first is the strengthening of local community institutions, whether formal or informal. The second is building financial mechanisms that are more diversified and less reliant on a single donor. As a result, the ecohealth system provides an opportunity for foundations to empower communities, build cross‐cutting cooperation, and gain knowledge through projects. If people's environmental behaviour is to change and be sustained in the long term to produce desired health outcomes, this will require all members of society to be capable of functioning within the existing institutional infrastructure. This means that not only do formal institutions need to become more accessible but also that concepts relating to local informal institutions must be incorporated into ecohealth projects. It is imperative that we identify and understand relevant local institutions and how they can be transformed so that new environmental forms of behaviour can be sustained and result in positive health outcomes. The intersection of environmental and health concerns provides an ideal area in which the gap between government and civil society can be bridged — not only providing solutions to ecohealth concerns, but building government capacity in general and making these positive changes sustainable in the long term. This article is a case study, based on several United Nations Foundation grants. It outlines the significance of traditional community organizations, the breadth of their long‐term relations with communities, their resources, and the adoption of sustained forms of behaviour. In addition, the article highlights the role that international foundations can play in creating innovative financing mechanisms through community‐based foundations.     

准市场条件下的水权交易双层动态博弈定价机制实证研究

在经济新常态背景下,水资源的准公共产品特征具有更加重要的管理价值,如何依托市场与行政的两手发力,提升我国水资源管理水平,更好地服务于"两个百年"奋斗目标,具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。水权交易制度是利用市场与行政手段提高水资源利用率,解决人水冲突的重要技术手段,如何在准市场条件下构建符合我国国情的水权交易定价机制已成为实现水权交易制度的核心技术。因此,针对政府-企业-公众等多利益相关者参与下的水权交易定价问题,本文引入生态经济学理论构建了水权价值测度模型,进而引入合作博弈理论,构建了准市场条件下的水权交易双层动态博弈定价模型,主要包括买方政府和卖方政府的微分博弈模型,以及买方政府与水务公司的Nash-Bargaining合作定价模型,运用HJB条件求解多利益相关者合作框架下的水权交易均衡水价空间,进而以江西省萍乡市水权交易实践为例开展实证研究,结果表明:均衡水价主要受上级政府协调能力k、水量需求系数β影响,且均为正相关,针对萍乡实践而言,由于水量需求主要体现在中长期发展规划阶段,上级政府协调能力显著性强于水量需求系数;均衡水价随着上级政府协调能力k值增大呈现由快转慢再转快的趋势,整体服从逻辑函数分布,均衡水价随着水量需求系数β的增大呈现由快转慢趋势,整体服从对数函数分布,针对萍乡实践而言,水权交易中市场与行政力量的两手发力存在稳定状态,二者缺一不可;随着议价能力系数提高,Nash-Bargaining的水权交易价格随之升高,表明政府与公司之间的合作关系对水价具有直接的影响能力。     

新型转式焚烧炉焚烧特性的机理研究

采用模化有机垃圾，在炉膛内径为0.5米，有中心转轴翅片推动垃圾前进的焚烧炉中，对焚烧特性进行了研究。通过对实验结果的分析，确定了影响焚烧炉中NOx、SOx生成和燃烬率的主要因素，并提出了焚烧炉在控制NOx、SOx的前提下稳定操作的范围。     

水消毒处理中膜技术的应用

本文较全面地评述了膜技术在水消毒处理中的应用 ,包括消毒机理、效果及影响因素 ,展望了应用前景     

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的污染及其对我国汽油生产的影响

本文简要介绍了汽油添加剂MTBE对环境的污染及减少MTBE污染机理研究的进展 ,同时介绍了对我国汽油生产的影响