表面活性剂与Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤

采用透射电子显微镜及能量发散X-射线微量分析技术,研究了非离子型表面活性剂烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(AE)与矿山尾砂中高浓度Pb、Zn协同作用对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤.结果表明,高浓度Pb、Zn使蚕豆叶绿体中类囊体解体,嗜锇颗粒的数量和体积显著增加.细胞外间隙和液泡中出现大量的不溶性毛发状晶体.AE与Pb、Zn复合污染时,细胞内膜结构的透性增加,细胞内毛发状晶体扩散到叶绿体、细胞核中.因此,AE可加重Pb、Zn对蚕豆叶细胞的损伤作用,毛发状晶体的形成可能与细胞脱毒有关.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对蚕豆幼苗茎和叶POD活性和MDA含量的影响

为了初步研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(Di-(2-ethylhexy)phthalate,DEHP)对植物幼苗的氧化损伤作用,采用不同浓度(0.2、2、20、200mg·kg-1(细沙))DEHP对蚕豆的根部染毒,分析了DEHP对蚕豆幼苗茎、叶中的过氧化物酶(POD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,处理7d后,随DEHP浓度的升高,蚕豆幼苗茎、叶POD活性均呈先升高后降低趋势,较高浓度组(茎:≥2mg·kg-1;叶:≥20mg·kg-1)与对照组差异显著(p<0.05);MDA含量均呈逐渐升高趋势,较高浓度组(≥2mg·kg-1)与对照组差异显著(p<0.05或p<0.01).以上结果表明,DEHP可造成蚕豆幼苗氧化损伤.     

稀土元素的致突变性研究

用VMT检测14种稀土元素的致突变性,结果表明：重稀土组最强,中稀土组次之,轻稀土组软弱,其阈值为1μg/mL～5μg/mL。在一定浓度下,稀土对植物生长的影响表现为蚕豆根尖发黑甚至变硬,显微镜下见纤维组织增多,细胞变小、萎缩或变形,显示稀土具有细胞毒性;大量葡萄糖介质可使稀土毒性缓解;稀土－柠檬酸络合物可使稀土致突变阈值后移     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of urban surface waters using freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 and Vicia faba root tip

The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xi'an, China. Although the most seriously polluted river with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed high cytotoxicity (expressed as TII₅₀, the toxicity impact index) and genotoxicity (expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus), no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TII₅₀ and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII₅₀ and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.     

垃圾渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核效应的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测定技术对垃圾渗滤液的微核效应进行了监测．结果表明,填埋场垃圾的微核率为１２．７０×１０－３ ,渗滤液的微核率为（１６ ．７６ ～２９．５）×１０ －３ ．垃圾场底部０～１０ ｃｍ 处的土层已被污染,微核率为１５．３８ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ有显著性差异;而３０ ～４０ ｃｍ 处土层的微核率为７ ．６５ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ无显著性差异,提示该处土层对垃圾渗滤液中污染物向下迁移有拦截、净化作用．经过处理后的渗滤液的微核率明显降低．蚕豆根尖微核检测结果与化学分析结果相吻合,认为此法可用于对垃圾渗滤液污染状况进行生物监测．     

用成组生物效应标记方法定量评价饮用水健康风险

饮用水安全性密切关系着民众的健康,因此相关的水质评价方法也日益受到关注.国家标准中规定的水质分析主要采用化学分析的方法,但该方法不能提供未知污染物的浓度及其所引起的健康影响,而生物效应标记测试则能弥补这一方面的不足.本研究应用一组生物效应标记方法评价自来水水质,包括利用SOS/umu测试评价遗传毒性,利用重组基因酵母测试评价类雌激素效应,利用鼠肝癌细胞(H4IIE)EROD诱导测试评价芳烃(Ah)受体效应或类二噁英物质总体水平,同时对这些生物毒性引起的健康风险进行了定量评价.用上述方法评价了北方某市9个水厂不同季节原水和出水水质.分析结果表明,该市主要自来水厂原水和出水中的直接和间接遗传毒性物质、类雌激素效应物质和芳烃受体效应物质浓度水平总体较低,风险在可接受水平;从处理效率来看,水厂现有工艺对类雌激素物质有很好的去除效果,而对于Ah受体效应类物质由于其总体浓度偏低而去除效果不很明显,少数水厂处理后由于消毒副产物的产生等原因,遗传毒性略有升高.曲此可见,应用生物效应标记方法能够对水厂的水源污染和水厂处理效果做出综合评价,该方法可以作为饮用水安全性评价的重要补充手段.     

Improvement of Vicia-micronucleus test for assessment of soil quality: a proposal for international standardization

The Viciafaba root tip micronucleus test is one of the most employed plant genotoxicity assays, and has been used on various types of contaminated materials. This test has been standardized by AFNOR, the French member organization of ISO. However, this test is usually performed with a water extraction step but soil genotoxicity assessment would be more relevant when performed directly in the soil itself. In order to harmonize these protocols, an ISO standard for the V.faba micronucleus test in both liquid phase (exposure of plants to different liquid matrix, including soil water extracts) and solid phase (direct exposure of plants to the soil) would be very useful. In this context, we compared two exposure durations in the solid phase (48 h and 5 d) for the V.faba micronucleus test with two different well-known genotoxicants, maleic hydrazide and copper sulfate. We concluded that these two durations induced equivalent sensitivity: the micronucleus frequency was significantly increased with 5 μmol maleic hydrazide per kg dry soil and with 2 mmol copper sulfate per kg dry soil with both exposure durations. However, exposing roots to soil during 48 h is more practical. Moreover, organically and conventionally cultured seeds were employed to determine whether the seed provenance influenced the test sensitivity. Organic seeds were less sensitive to copper, possibly because copper-based treatments are permitted, and often applied, in organic farms. Therefore, in the absence of completely non-treated seeds, organically-cultured seeds did not appear to offer any advantages over conventional seeds.     

2个镉耐性差异箭舌豌豆品种中镉的化学形态及亚细胞分布

通过溶液培养实验,研究了镉胁迫下2个箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa)品种(镉耐性品种L3,镉敏感品种ZM)中镉的积累、镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态以及非蛋白巯基化合物(NPTs)的响应。结果表明2个箭舌豌豆品种根较地上部积累更多的镉。镉在箭舌豌豆根、茎和叶中主要分布于可溶性组分,敏感品种ZM根中可溶性组分的镉含量和占总镉的比例显著高于耐性品种L3。细胞壁结合镉占总镉的比例在2个品种中均为叶>茎>根。镉在箭舌豌豆根和茎内主要以去离子水(d-H2O)提取态和1 mol·L-1氯化钠(Na Cl)提取态存在,ZM根中d-H2O提取态镉的含量和比例显著大于L3。箭舌豌豆叶中镉主要以2%醋酸(HAc)提取态存在。ZM叶中80%乙醇提取态镉的比例大于L3,0.6 mol·L-1盐酸(HCl)提取态镉和残渣态镉的比例小于L3。2个品种根和茎中NPTs的含量在镉胁迫下显著升高,ZM根中NPTs的含量显著大于L3。研究结果表明,箭舌豌豆镉解毒的主要机制包括限制镉由根部向地上部转运和液泡隔离。此外,根和茎中镉与有机酸结合和NPTs螯合,叶中镉以移动性低、毒性低的形态存在也是箭舌豌豆镉解毒的重要机制。ZM较L3根中更多镉以移动性高的形态存在,L3较ZM叶中更多镉以难移动的形态存在,是L3较ZM具有更高镉耐性的重要原因。     

氨基酚对不同生物细胞微核率影响的比较观察

氨基酚类化合物属于有毒有机化合物 ,在环境中对动物和人类造成潜在的危害。为了全面评价其遗传毒理学效应 ,采用不同的生物材料 ,不同的组织细胞 ,对 3种氨基酚类化合物进行微核试验。试验结果表明 ,3种氨基酚类化合物均能引起 3种细胞微核率的增加 ,高剂量组与对照组相比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ,且有明显的剂量 效应关系。提示 3种氨基酚类化合物具有较强的致突变效应。     

亚砷酸钠对蚕豆和洋葱根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

利用植物根尖细胞微核技术,研究不同质量浓度的亚砷酸钠（0．3mg／L,1．0mg／L,3．0mg／L,10．0mg／L,30．0mg／L）对蚕豆和洋葱根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应。研究结果表明,用亚砷酸钠处理12h后,可诱发蚕豆（亚砷酸钠质量浓度0．3—30．0mg／L）和洋葱（亚砷酸钠质量浓度1．0—30．0mg／L）根尖细胞遗传损伤,使根尖细胞微核率增加、分裂指数下降。在一定处理浓度范围内（蚕豆的为0—3．0mg／L;洋葱为0—10．0mg／L）,细胞微核率与处理浓度呈正相关（P〈0．01）;分裂指数与处理浓度呈负相关（P〈0．01）。研究表明,亚砷酸钠能引起植物细胞遗传物质损伤,因此,可利用蚕豆和洋葱根尖细胞微核技术检测环境中的砷污染。