泥石流研究中的粒度分析方法及其应用

粒度分析是泥石流研究的一个重要手段,是它的基础实验之一。本文介绍了在泥石流研究中一些较常用的及有应用前景的粒度分析方法,它们包括:频率累积曲线、直方图、概率累积曲线、粒度参数统计、粒度参数散点图等;对粒度分析在泥石流的分类、物理参数的计算、水力学条件的分析等方面的作用也做了一些初步的探讨。     

新疆阿克提什坎金矿床微量元素特征

阿克提什坎金矿床位于北阿尔泰诺尔特地区南缘东段 ,赋存于下石炭统红山嘴组地层中。系统地研究了该金矿床微量元素的组成特征 ,并应用等位线方法讨论了热液蚀变作用过程中微量元素的行为 ,并对微量元素在热液蚀变过程中迁移的质量进行了计算 ,研究表明在热液蚀变作用过程中 ,微量元素尤其是Au、As等元素活动强烈 ,有较大的带入和带出 ,微量元素尤其是成矿元素表现出随蚀变程度加深变化量加大的特点     

正确使用构造判别图解和地球化学数据的一些建议

本文在考虑影响构造判别图解因素的基础上 ,提出了一些选择地球化学数据指标进行构造环境判别时应遵循的原则 ,并建议使用模糊ISODATA法进行构造环境的判别     

“部分排序”在环境比较评价中的应用实例

将运筹学中“部分排序”的概念引入对污染物的环境影响比较评价中,以环境中常见的10种残留农药为应用实例,用Hasse图表示出比较评价的结果。和普遍排序技术相比,部分排序的评价结果简明直观、合理、可靠。Hasse图技术充分考虑了所要评价的各方面因素,避免了在普遍排序过程中由于确定评价模型中的权值而带来的主观因素的影响。     

A new approach to quantifying and comparing vulnerability to drought

In this study we develop an “inference modeling” approach to compare and analyze how different disciplines (economics, political science, and behavioral science/environmental psychology) estimate vulnerability to drought. It is thought that a better understanding of these differences can lead to a synthesis of insights from the different disciplines and eventually to more comprehensive assessments of vulnerability. The new methodology consists of (1) developing inference models whose variables and assertions incorporate qualitative knowledge about vulnerability, (2) converting qualitative model variables into quantitative indicators by using fuzzy set theory, (3) collecting data on the values of the indicators from case study regions, (4) inputting the regional data to the models and computing quantitative values for susceptibility. The methodology was applied to three case study regions (in India, Portugal and Russia) having a range of socio-economic and water stress conditions. In some cases the estimates of susceptibility were surprisingly similar, in others not, depending on the factors included in the disciplinary models and their relative weights. A new approach was also taken to testing vulnerability parameters by comparing estimated water stress against a data set of drought occurrences based on media analysis. The new methodologies developed in this paper provide a consistent basis for comparing differences between disciplinary perspectives, and for identifying the importance of the differences.

用剪力图面积法绘制弯矩图

在建筑力学中,弯矩图的绘制是结构设计的基础和依据.通过对梁上外荷载与内力间微积分关系及函数图形的研究,找到了剪力图与弯矩图的内在规律,得到一种绘制弯矩图的新方法——剪力图面积法,应用这种方法可大大提高作图速度和效率.图1,表1,参6.     

基于偏序集的采空区煤自燃可能性评价模型

为了解决采空区煤自燃可能性评价方法中的赋权争议问题,基于偏序集理论,提出了偏序集评价模型。阐明评价指标并确定其等级划分准则,运用偏序集评价模型得到Hasse图,通过Hasse图展现的层集信息判别采空区煤自燃的危险程度。利用该模型对某煤矿17个煤样的自燃情况进行了判别,评价结果准确合理。研究结果表明:该模型避免了以往研究中的赋权争议问题,克服了样本量不足致使模型无法应用的问题,其评价结果置信度高。     

对天然气水合物预防管理保障安全生产的研究

为了保障陆上气田冬季天然气安全生产,防止因天然气水合物导致安全事故,采用鱼骨图法对陆上气田天然气水合物产生的原因进行系统分析。分析显示,导致天然气水合物产生的根本原因,出现在天然气产能建设和日常生产管理各环节,以及单井、输气管道和集气站各生产场所,为防止天然气水合物产生,针对原因采用5W1H法进行管理,从而达到对冬季天然气生产主要安全风险进行有效控制的目标。     

结合流程图与ISM的区域管制运行风险分析

为保障区域管制系统运行的安全,采用流程图法从管制员、设备、环境、管理四方面识别各运行环节潜在的风险,并建立风险因素集合。运用解释结构模型(ISM),对风险因素间的关系进行推理和计算,最终形成一个五级递阶结构解释模型,将风险因素之间原本模糊不清的关系转化为直观的具有层次分明的结构。通过对解释结构模型的分析找出了影响区域管制运行安全的直接因素、间接因素以及深层次的因素,并提出了相应的风险控制措施。     

Determination of the critical length of the crack-like flaws and its effect on safety

Methodologies of API 579 have been widely accepted as the de-facto standard guideline for fitness for service assessment on crack-like flaws in pressure equipment. For different purposes and needs, the evaluation is divided into three levels, from critical length estimation in level 1, use of the failure analysis diagram (FAD) in level 2, to performing finite element stress analysis in level 3, that is from simplified to accurate. It is generally considered safe as long as the crack is smaller than the critical crack, but not all of them are actually the case. Therefore, it is very important to study the physical meaning behind the critical crack and understand the conservativeness of it.In this study, numerous examples of critical cracks determined according to API 579 Level 1 were put into Level 2 analysis for comparison. Each case is mapped onto the FAD of level 2 analysis to see its position and distance from the borderline between safe and danger zones. A huge amount of examples covering the majority of possible scenarios, including the geometry, thickness, inner diameter, pressure and half-length of the flaw, depth of the crack, crack tip and crack bottom, as a whole, there are 960 cases to be analyzed.Results show that cracks on the circumferential direction of the cylindrical and spherical vessels are distributed tightly in a small area far from the borderline on the FAD diagram. In these cases, the vessel is actually not as dangerous as the critical crack implies, since most of the points lie quite far from the danger zone. As for the longitudinal cracks of a cylindrical vessel, the results are scattered around, and three data points are located outside the allowable zone. The peculiar results are partly due to a discrepancy of interpolating procedure as the influence coefficient is being computed. Through this study, it is also found that the cumbersome process of estimating the critical crack length can be greatly simplified for longitudinal cracks in a cylindrical vessel.