河谷城市通风系数研究

通风系数是科学确定污染物排放总量的基础.利用WRF模式模拟的边界层高度和风速计算了兰州新区2014年4个季节的通风系数,探讨了风速的季节性变化和日变化特征.结果表明:①WRF模式模拟得到的兰州新区的混合层平均风速呈夜间高、日间低的特征,日间混合层内平均风速最大值出现在20:00左右,这与地面风速积分法确定的平均风速具有较高相关性,验证了利用模式模拟边界层内平均风速特征的能力.②混合层高度季节变化呈现春夏季高、秋冬季低的特征;受太阳辐射的影响,日间混合层高度明显高于夜间.③通风系数具有明显的季节性变化特征（4个季节的通风系数分别为4 607.6、5 424.1、1 316.4、706.9 m2/s）,夏季高,冬季小,这与混合层高度和混合层内平均风速的季节性变化特征一致;日变化呈现单峰型的变化规律,冬季的峰值出现在15:00,而其他3个季节的峰值则出现在17:00左右.研究显示,WRF模式的模拟结果可以较好地反映混合层平均风速的基本特征,利用WRF模式模拟的结果计算得到的河谷地形的通风系数较为合理,不同季节的通风系数差异较大.      

A comparative analysis of wind resource parameters using WAsP and windPRO

This paper investigates the accuracy of the wind resource estimation for a site in a central India region using a latest licensed version of WAsP 11 and windPRO 3.1. Whole one year measured met mast wind data has been taken using anemometer and wind vane at 10 m and 25 m height, respectively above ground level. The digitized elevation and roughness model of the corresponding site shows the roughness class 4 (roughness length 1.2525 m). The wind data has been extrapolated up to 80 m height by using power and log law models which provide the power density near about 120 W/m². As per the micro sitting guidelines for the virtual wind farm installation 5D X 7D mapping has been selected which Indicates the total power output by installing 8 Vestas V-90 1.8 MW wind turbine from WAsP is 31.561 GWh and from windPRO is 28.083 GWh.     

不同天气系统影响下广东省酸雨特征对比分析 ——气象场数值模拟

运用WRF模式对3种不同天气系统(冷锋,低压槽以及台风)造成的广东省酸雨个例进行数值模拟,结合实际测站资料对酸雨分布特征及影响酸雨过程的风场、湿度场以及温度场进行分析.结果表明个例中酸雨主要分布在珠江三角洲区域以及重工业区韶关.不同天气系统影响下的降水酸度略有不同,台风个例降水pH值最高(5.81),其后依次为低压槽降水(5.60)及冷锋降水(5.40). 冷锋降水个例中酸雨的分布及变化主要受风速,风向,相对湿度及逆温的影响,低压槽和台风降水个例中的酸雨分布及变化主要受降水量和风速的影响.风速和降水量的增加有利于缓解降水的酸度,而逆温层的存在及不同风向的辐合作用有利于降水酸度的增加.     

全国火电行业大气污染物排放对空气质量的影响

基于WRF-CAMx空气质量模型,定量模拟了火电行业主要大气污染物排放对全国城市环境空气质量的影响.结果表明,火电行业对全国城市SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5、硫酸盐、硝酸盐及一次PM_2.5年均浓度平均贡献率分别为15.6%、19.6%、8.5%、11.7%、12.0%和5.2%,并呈现空气污染越重地区,火电行业污染贡献率越低的总体特征.其中,京津冀鲁豫、长三角、以武汉城市群及长株潭城市群为中心的两湖平原地区、成渝地区中大部分空气污染最为严重的区域,火电行业对PM_2.5年均浓度的贡献率低于8%.因此,火电行业对环境空气质量的影响总体较小,在深化火电行业污染减排的同时,必须强化非电力行业多污染物协同控制.     

MM5/WRF气象场模拟差异对CMAQ空气质量预报效果的影响

评估了为公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)提供气象输入场的第五代NCAR/Penn State中尺度 (MM5) 模式与天气研究和预报(WRF)模式模拟的多种气象要素的准确性;比较了2个模式提供的气象场对华北地区SO₂和NO₂源同化反演效果及其质量浓度预报的差异;分析了相对湿度和边界层高的变化对ρ(SO₂),ρ(NO₂)预报的影响及其物理机制.结果表明:WRF模式模拟的各气象要素准确性优于MM5模式,其中MM5模式对相对湿度和边界层高度的模拟值与实测值的偏差较明显,而WRF模式的模拟值与实测值较接近;相对湿度和边界层高度参数是影响CMAQ空气质量预报的关键气象要素,这2个参数的变化对ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)的预报有显著影响,因此,对2个参数的改进可显著减小预报误差;ρ(SO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是垂直输送和质量调整过程对ρ(SO₂)的贡献减小;而ρ(NO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是化学反应过程对ρ(NO₂)的贡献明显减小.      

WRF数值模拟超强台风“凡亚比”路径强度及降水特征分析

采用中尺度数值模式WRF对2010年第1 1号台风“凡亚比”的发生发展过程进行数值模拟.通过设计的模式方案较好地模拟再现了“凡亚比”台风的发展、演变以及登陆过程,并利用台风最佳路径集提供的路径、中心气压、地面最大风速等信息资料,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,TRMM降水资料以及卫星云图、降水观测等各种资料与模式模拟结果开展了较细致的对比分析.模式模拟的台风路径与观测路径较为一致,分析出“凡亚比”台风的移动路径、强度、云系和降水分布等方面的特征.结果表明,台风的高低层环流形式、垂直运动场模拟结构也完全匹配,同时很好地把握住了中国沿海地区由台风造成降水的降水中心位置以及降水强度,但是对台风两次登陆时间的模拟均比真实的情况要迟6h,并且登陆位置偏西南.     

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.     

Comparisons of WRF/Chem simulated O3 concentrations in Mexico City with ground-based RAMA measurements during the MILAGRO period

This work compares the WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry) simulated O₃ concentrations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) with measurements from the ground-based RAMA network during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) period. The model resolves the observations reasonably well in terms of diurnal cycle and mean magnitude as reflected by high correlation coefficients and low root-mean-square errors. Stations located in the center of the MCMA generally exhibit higher correlation coefficients and lower model biases than those stations located in the peripheral of the MCMA. Large temporal variations in the observed and simulated O₃ concentrations are noted from station to station during the MILAGRO period. Sensitivity analyses of O₃ concentrations to changes in NO_x and VOC emissions rates suggest that O₃ production in the MCMA is VOC-sensitive, and VOC-emissions reduction appears to be an effective strategy for reducing high surface O₃ concentrations in the MCMA.     

基于ＷＲＦ与田湾核电站外围监控系统的区域风场模 拟对比分析

WR F模式是新一代中尺度预报模式和同化系统,通过 WR F 模式构建田湾核电站区域气象预报系统,可为江苏省建设先进的核应急决策支持系统提供坚实的理论基础和技术支持。介绍了田湾核电站区域 WR F 模式风场预报系统的构建和对比试验情况,通过数值模拟风场与实测结果的对比检验,WR F模式精细化的三维风场预测具有非常高的准确性。     

In-vitro toxicity of cyclophosphamide and etoposide intermediates/metabolites produced by three white rot fungi

Aim of the present study is to determine the in-vitro cell cytotoxic effect of native and transformed cancer drugs (cyclophosphamide and etoposide) using three different white rot fungi (Ganoderma lucidum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor). At 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days, experiments were done on a mouse monocyte macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7). After biodegradation, the altered compounds were found to be harmful to the Raw 264.7 cells. The maximal cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide transformed products (TPs) were determined to be 2.4%, 7.3% and 7% respectively, against G. lucidum, P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, respectively. With G. lucidum, P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, the etoposide toxicity was 1.5%, 8% and 2.7% respectively. P. chrysosporium-mediated biodegradation resulted in the maximum toxicity, at 8%, on the 12th day for etoposide and 7.3% on the 3rd day for cyclophosphamide. After biodegradation by fungi, the toxicity of these two anticancer agents was reduced in the form of metabolites, but each fungus showed unique capacity for toxicity removal.