Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

渭河流域植被WUE遥感估算及其时空特征

论文基于估算NPP的CASA模型和估算ET的三角形模型对水分限制因子算法进行改进的基础上,构建了由NPP子模型和ET子模型组成的WUE遥感估算模型,以2010年相关MODIS影像和气象参量为数据源,实现了渭河流域WUE的估算,并对WUE的时空特征及其与年内气温、降雨的关系进行了分析。研究表明：1）WUE模拟结果与通量观测数据以及生态系统模型模拟结果均具有一定的可比性,各模型模拟结果存在差异可能与WUE定义、模拟区域、使用数据源以及使用植被覆盖分类底图等存在差异有关;2）渭河流域WUE年内分布呈现微“双峰”型格局,以8月最高,春、夏、秋、冬四季WUE分别为0.57、1.05、0.66、0.12 gC·m^-2·mm^-1,呈现夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的特征;3）渭河流域WUE空间分布呈现子午岭、黄龙山、六盘山以及秦岭北坡等林区高,西安市建成区、子流域上游低植被覆盖区以及局部旱作农业区低的分异特征;4）渭河流域尺度上,WUE随年内气温和降雨的变化均呈现5阶段的变化特征,但变化形式存在差异。