Management of mountain areas in Norway and the persistence of local–national conflicts

We have investigated why conflicts linked to the distribution of power between governments and actors at the national and local levels concerning environmental management of mountain areas in Norway persist despite political intentions to strengthen local powers. We seek to explain this by analysing changes in policies, institutional frameworks, and regional contexts, and the local perceptions of these changes. Paradoxically, the national government's power has apparently been strengthened by new sectoral regulations and more stringent enforcement of the existing ones, increases in the number and extent of protected areas, and failures to act on intentions to devolve power. An additional factor spurring conflicts is the increased importance of tourism to mountain communities. To become more relevant to policies and development in mountain areas, future studies on multilevel governance must address multilevel politics, entire mountain areas, and the context of their development, rather than focusing on minor projects and protected areas.     

环境污染第三方治理中的道德风险与防范措施研究

选取目前环境污染第三方治理中企业购买环境服务的“委托治理服务”模式作为研究对象,具体采用假设驱动的方法,分析环境污染第三方治理中委托代理双方道德风险问题的内在原因与激励原则,并在此基础上从企业、政府、法治三个层面给出防止环境污染第三方治理双重道德风险发生的一些启示与建议,进而寻求合适的环境污染第三方治理之路,以期在经济新常态下为中国环境污染第三方治理模式的推广应用提供有益的借鉴.     

基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划——以浑河流域为例

从环境战略管理的高度,提出了一种基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划分方法.在现行水环境功能区划的基础上,结合生态管理理念及相关理论,并充分考虑我国水环境管理能力及发展趋势,进行流域水环境功能区划分.流域水环境功能区划以流域水生态分区为基础,根据参考条件评估水体的生态状况,考虑水体生态保护功能和最小生态需水量,提出新的流域水环境功能区划的理论基础和技术方法体系.首次将水生态分区、水生态保护目标和生态需水量引入水环境功能区划之中,对原水环境功能区划的内涵进行了拓展.该方法以浑河流域为案例做了实证研究.     

突发性水污染事故预警体系建设综述

随着流域水污染事件的频发,突发性水污染事故预警平台的科学建设成为流域应急管理的重要内容。基于预警平台数据感知层、数据管理层、业务感知层的总体架构,综述了国内外突发性水污染事故预警平台的建设现状。从水质监测技术、突发事故预警模型、预警平台整体构建4个方面分析了近年来突发性水污染事故预警平台的研究进展与不足,以期为流域突发性水污染预警系统的建设提供参考。     

流域累积性环境风险评价研究进展

对当前流域累计性环境风险评价方面的研究进展进行梳理并对未来研究进行展望。通过概念辨析和文献调研的方法,指出了现有研究存在的3个问题:综合生态风险评价结果过于宏观,健康风险评价暴露途径考虑单一以及健康风险评价不确定性未有实质改变。进而得出结论:克服上述问题,需要在加强风险过程模型的构建与应用;开展多暴露途径的健康风险评价;将健康风险评价纳入我国现行流域管理以及开展完整的流域累积性环境风险评价等4个方面进行加强。     

潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究

以密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,在HSPF模型模拟的基础上,利用CCA排序和路径分析等多种统计分析方法,分析不同水平景观格局与非点源污染过程的相关关系,确定各景观指数对非点源污染的影响和贡献程度.结果表明:潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染过程的关系密切,二者的关系与空间尺度也有着紧密的关联.景观格局指数能累积解释55％的流域非点源污染负荷变化,土地利用面积比例的影响要大于景观格局指数,耕地是污染负荷的主要贡献源,而林地和草地较能有效控制污染物的输出.污染负荷受景观的破碎化、多样性和蔓延度的影响较大,流域内的景观越破碎、类型越丰富,斑块分布越零散,污染物的输出也就越多.斑块类型水平上,影响污染物负荷的指标因景观类型不同而异,其中,斑块密度(PD)和边缘密度(ED)是影响流域非点源污染负荷的共性指标.路径分析的结果表明,边缘密度(ED)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、聚集度指数(AI)和蔓延度指数(CONTAG)是影响流域非点源污染负荷输出的主要景观格局变量,其中,香农多样性指数对TN、TP负荷的解释能力最大.较少的人类活动干扰和斑块类型的团聚分布能减少污染物输出的风险.     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.     

Using Public–Private Interplay to Climate-Proof Urban Planning? Critical Lessons from Developing a new Housing District in Karlstad,Sweden

While strengthening public–private interplay is expected to improve the climate profile of urban planning in terms of mitigation and adaptation, less is known about the practice of such new interactive modes of governing. The paper critically examines the role, benefits and limitations of extended public–private interplay in developing a new housing district in Sweden. The developer dialogue between municipal officials and property developers confirms mutual interests, shared understandings and the added value of interacting. However, the closer the dialogue comes to settling agreements, the more difficult it gets for municipal officials to steer the process and its outcomes in favor of climate proofing. Complications with adapting to the new interactive setting means that municipal officials balance between acting as facilitators and/or regulators and property developers between acting as partners, competitors and/or defenders. Refining steering-strategies for sustaining commitments and securing formal agreements are pertinent for using public–private interplay to climate-proof urban planning.     

Multi-level network governance of disaster risks: the case of the Metropolitan Region of the Aburra Valley (Medellin,Colombia)

Cities have increasingly been confronted with disasters, ranging from earthquakes and storms to floods and landslides. Traditional technocratic top-down approaches have proved inadequate to face disaster risks in urban agglomerations. Thus, expectations have risen that through multi-level governance, metropolitan regions could become more resilient by joining forces across scales and sectors, enabling them to implement adaptation strategies collectively. Under the leadership of the city of Medellin and integrated within the national risk governance system of Colombia, such a governance arrangement has been established in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburra Valley. Applying social network analysis, this paper analyses the institutional relationships within the multi-level risk governance network Red Riesgos. It demonstrates that the effectiveness of multi-level disaster risk governance networks depends primarily on the protagonist role of local governments and on their abilities to involve local communities and citizens and to interact constantly with higher-level authorities in the implementation process.     

Governance assessment of a protected area: the case of the Alde Feanen National Park

This paper addresses the challenge of appropriate governance of complexity and diversity in the Dutch national park of Alde Feanen. The issue is how to enhance ecosystem resilience. Our focus relates to a navigable waterway within the park that affects the natural values of the area. The governance assessment tool is used to assess the governance context of the waterway and ecosystem resilience in the area. The study shows that a lack of a long-term integrated vision makes the governance context less supportive. Such a vision could maximize the focus on the resilience of the park's nature and motivate actors to work towards a common future for a concerned area. However, institutional complexity, combined with institutional inertia, is revealed as a hindrance to the quality of governance and shapes a weak ability to adapt the current situation to move towards resilience.