A spatial-temporal optimization approach to watershed management: Acid mine drainage treatment in the Cheat River watershed, WV, USA

Most water management studies concentrate on the inter-temporal allocation problem or, more recently, spatial dynamics - but not both. While early spatial-temporal studies focused on the allocation of water quantity, this paper presents an approach to water quality analysis that incorporates both spatial and temporal dynamics in a watershed framework. The acid mine drainage (AMD) problem in the Cheat River watershed of West Virginia, USA, serves as a case study and provides an opportunity to test the modeling approach developed. The empirical models are written in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and solved using the CPLEX mixed integer programming package. The results suggest that available investments should be concentrated in heavily impaired stream segments. The model can be used to assess the economic implications of alternative watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation or other management strategies.     

跨域治理理论比较与启示

我国幅员辽阔,有关公共事务的治理问题层出不穷,尤其在跨行政区域的公共事务治理上有效的治理手段捉襟见肘,这对我国的公共管理提出了严峻挑战.从跨域治理理论的兴起与发展人手,在详细分析三种跨域治理经典理论的基础上,比较了各种跨域治理理论的特征,总结出跨域治理理论对我国在此类问题上的几点启示.     

A hybrid scheme for comparing the effects of bird diversity conservation approaches on landscape patterns and biodiversity in the Shangan sub-watershed in Taiwan

This work utilizes bird survey data, regression modeling, land-use modeling and landscape metrics to evaluate the effects of various spatial bird diversity conservation approaches on land-use allocation, land-use patterns, and biodiversity in the Shangan sub-watershed in central Taiwan. A survey of the distribution of species revealed that bird species are concentrated in the central and western parts of the sub-watershed. The results obtained using a Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model suggest that diversity of land-use increases the diversity of bird species. Logistic regression results verify that socio-economic factors determine the potential advantages of designating a particular type of land-use in certain parts of the study area. The results of land-use simulation modeling indicate that the eastern and southwestern areas of the sub-watershed will change most frequently between 2007 and 2017. Additionally, increasing the areas to protect bird diversity will effectively increase the patch size, habitat core area, edge effect and habitat connectivity. The Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model shows that protecting bird species diversity in large areas increases bird diversity. The proposed modeling approach is an effective tool that provides useful information for ecological planning and policymaking related to watersheds.     

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen. Another group of fuel derived toxic compounds that has been detected in water bodies is BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Boating activity and allochthonous contributions from watersheds are the major sources of fuel derived pollutants in lakes. Their concentrations in lakes thus vary as a function of boating activity intensity, lake surface area and depth, weather and wind regime, land-use in the watershed, etc. The Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is the only recreational lake in Israel and an important freshwater source. In the current study, a sampling campaign was conducted in order to quantify MTBE and BTEX concentrations in Lake Kinneret, its marinas and its main contributing streams. In addition, a boating-use survey was performed in order to estimate MTBE and BTEX contribution of recreational boating. The sampling campaign revealed that, as expected, MTBE concentrations were higher than BTEX, and that near shore (i.e., marina) concentrations were higher than in-lake concentrations. Despite the clear contribution from boating, high MTBE concentrations were found following a major inflow event in winter, indicating the importance of the allochthonous contribution. The contribution from boating during summer, as measured indirectly by in-lake concentrations, is likely underestimated due to enhanced MTBE volatilization due to strong winds and high temperatures. May–September was found to be the main recreational boating season, with continued boating year round. On average, a single boat is active 23 d/y, with 84% of the watercrafts being active only during weekends and holidays. The survey further indicated that boats stay in the lake for 4.5 h on average, which conforms to the unique winds regime that limits afternoon activity due to high winds, and have an average fuel consumption of 14 L/h. The annual load of MTBE and BTEX from recreational boating in Lake Kinneret was estimated at 4430 and 6220 kg/y respectively.     

A conjoint analysis of landholder preferences for reward-based land-management contracts in Kapingazi watershed, Eastern Mount Kenya

Unsustainable land-use decisions and agricultural practices have become the key drivers of deteriorating watershed services in developing countries. However, landholders may have little or no incentives to take these impacts into account in their decision-making process. In recent years, reward-based provision of environmental services has emerged as an important market-based incentive for motivating landholders to adopt environmentally friendly land-use changes and agricultural practices. In this regard, for instance, the Pro-Poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa (PRESA) project has emerged as a large network to support and facilitate reward mechanisms in Africa. However, in many African rural settings, little is known about landholder attitudes and preferences related to the alternative land-management schemes. Using locally identified sets of six key land-management attributes, this paper applies conjoint methods to evaluate landholder preferences towards alternative land-management schemes aimed at enhancing the provision of watershed services in the River Kapingazi catchment in central Kenya. Data were collected from primary sources through focus groups and a questionnaire based conjoint survey. Three conjoint models were used; a traditional conjoint ratings model, a binary logit model, and an ordered logit model. Results from the focus groups indicated that shortage of water for both domestic use and irrigation was perceived as the most acute environmental problem in the area. Deforestation, poor river bank management and agricultural practices were identified as the major causes of the problem. Results from conjoint models show that the three principal attributes influencing landholder's ratings and probability of adopting the proposed land management options were 'size of land area to be committed', 'length of contract period', and 'granting or prohibiting rights to harvest environmental products from the committed land'. Thus, these attributes should be the focal points in designing land-management contract for watershed services in the study area.     

基于熵值法的驾驶人“路怒症”宏观影响因素研究*

为探究宏观因素对我国各区域驾驶人“路怒症”的影响,从经济发展、交通环境、气候状况和地域文化4个方面选取13项指标,采用熵值法赋权,构建我国区域路怒水平影响因素评价体系,对2019—2020年我国5座城市的驾驶人路怒水平进行分析和评价。研究结果表明:宏观因素对5座城市的路怒水平均有影响,而且城市之间路怒水平差异相对较大,总体呈现“北高南低”的空间分布特征,据此为各城市预防和控制路怒水平提出针对性建议,以促进城市交通安全发展。     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入，区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念，通过遥感、GIS技术手段，划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础，选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子，以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子，综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础，构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系，用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设，实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合，并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

竞争型区域管治：机制、特征与模式——以长江三角洲地区为例

经济全球化、市场化的改革以及分权体制的逐步形成，在中国的区域内地方政府间营造了一个高度竞争的环境，造就了独特的“竞争型区域管治”（CMRG）形态。通过长江三角洲的实证考察，论述了竞争型区域管治的形成机制、特征与模式。通过对5种主要竞争型区域管治模式的总结，揭示了在“渐进式”改革过程中，“竞争型区域管治”的内容、方式、手段、模式也处于不断的演化与更新之中，并指出中国社会经济发展的总体走势将从根本上影响着区域管治的形式与进程。最后对竞争型区域管治的未来发展前景作了展望，认为将主要集中在3个方面的趋势：①管治体系的网络化趋势；②管治方式由直接控制向多元方式影响转变；③多元主体间伙伴关系的逐渐建立。     

如何推动地方落实13万个建制村的环境综合整治任务

随着我国财税体制改革步伐的不断加快,农村环境"以奖促治"政策的实施范围、推进方式、资金管理等发生了深刻变化,同时,一些地方农村环境综合整治又存在政府积极性不高、责任难以落实、环境成效较差的问题,如何推动地方落实《水污染防治行动计划》提出的,到2020年完成13万个建制村的环境综合整治任务,是现阶段我国农村环境综合整治面临的新形势。本文在准确把握当前农村环境综合整治形势下,提出了今后一个时期推进我国农村环境综合整治的工作思路,分别从严格目标考核、引入激励机制、建立长效机制和重视各方参与4个方面,提出了约束与激励相结合的农村环境保护措施,以期为新时期深化"以奖促治"政策、推进农村环境综合整治提供参考和借鉴。     

基于平衡计分卡的农村水环境治理绩效的指标体系设计及评价研究

农村水环境治理已经成为中国水环境保护的重要组成部分,对农村社会经济的发展有着重要的现实意义.为改变传统的农村水环境治理手段,规范农村水环境治理模式,本文通过对农村水环境的现状、治理绩效评价的必要性、平衡计分卡的可行性等要素进行分析,并以乡镇环保机构为例,充分利用平衡计分卡这一绩效管理工具的理念框架,最终设计出一套适合本国农村水环境治理的绩效指标体系.以期通过对本指标体系的合理运用,为今后农村水环境治理绩效评价提供参考.