Governance approach to China''s environmental challenges:Towards a theoretical synthesis

This paper reviewed recent research in environmental governance as a response to environmental challenges at various spatial, temporal and administrative scales. It documented the shift of approach from regulation to governance, and attempted to provide a comprehensive understanding why and how the transformation occurred. It also described major factors and forces of environmental governance, and discussed research advance in environmental governance theory. Finally, this paper summarized recent research findings on environmental governance in China, and listed policy recommendation for enhancing the governance.     

沙尘暴产生的环境管理体制根源分析及对策研究

以在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟和浑善达克沙地所做的实地调研为基础,对沙尘暴产生及治理环节中的政策和体制问题进行了探讨.分析表明,政策和体制问题才是沙尘暴问题的根源所在:以"自给自足"为核心目标的农业政策与环境政策的不协调和草地资源的公共产权是造成草地退化的诱因,在沙尘暴的治理中存在的责任机制不当、生态建设投资机制不当、草原建设管理缺位以及草原生态环境监管低效等政策和体制中存在的缺陷是沙尘暴无法得到有效控制的根本阻力.提出首先要通过协调农业和环保政策、实施可持续贸易,从源头上减少对资源的需求,从而预防沙尘暴的产生;其次要重点从明确职责和加强基层环保力量入手,提升沙尘暴的治理能力.     

The risks of risk-based regulation: insights from the environmental policy domain

Risk-based regulation has become increasingly popular in recent years. Proponents argue that it facilitates robust governance, contributing to efficient and effective use of regulatory resources and delivering interventions in proportion to risk. Critics contend that the challenges of operationalising risk-based governance mitigate its potential benefits. In this paper we start by considering what we mean by risk-based governance and discuss some of the factors shaping the adoption of such strategies. We then consider the development and operation of risk-based approaches in the environmental policy domain, focusing specifically on the regulation of contaminated land and radioactive waste. We argue that whilst risk-based approaches can offer important benefits, they face a range of epistemic, institutional and normative challenges that can play an important role in shaping the way that organisations manage both risks to society and their own institutional risks. This has profound implications for achieving regulatory objectives and, for this paper, the environmental outcomes that the regulations are designed to deliver.     

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION

<正>Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment,Print ISSN 1004-2857,Online ISSN 2325-4262,Volume 11,2013.Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment(www.tandfonline.com/tpre)is a peer-reviewed journal published in March,June,September,and December by TaylorFrancis,4 Park Square,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon,OX14 4RN,UK.     

浅析以科技信息为主线的环境协同治理

提高我国环境行政效率的关键是强化合作协调的环境治理理念,其核心载体是科技数据为核心的信息管理体系.科技进步与信息管理系统化决定着现代环境治理超越传统的危险防范而进入风险预防领域,也就决定了现代环境保护中合作与协调的核心理念.与环境保护的预防原则和环境许可制相适应,环境技术标准体系是现代环境科技信息体系的集中体现.同时环境法律监管体系也需要以信息系统和数据库为重点向综合环境治理发展,其中环境质量达标制(结果导向型监管)和环境治理中的规划都以环境信息综合集成管理为基础的.对于信息社会和互联网时代下、民主法治建设中、全球化进程里的中国环境治理,既有机遇又面临挑战.     

长江沿线尾矿库生态修复监管对策探讨

尾矿库坝体地质安全和生态修复一直受到高度关注。本文结合中央生态环境保护督察和新闻媒体相关报道,以长江经济带为例,梳理了矿山生态环境破坏和修复特别是尾矿库存在的主要问题,并分析了原因:标准储备不足和恢复目标不明,同时提出对策建议:制定尾矿库生态环境监管标准政策、严查尾矿库生态破坏与环境污染问题、建立健全尾矿库生态环境治理长效监管机制。     

Scales of integration for sustainable development governance

Efforts at integration are central in the Sustainable Development Goals and the wider Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. While integration forms a major focus of this agenda, there are fundamental limitations on pursuing this focus. The global governance discussions on integration lack a clear conceptualization of what it is, do not have any tools for measurement or assessment, and are narrowly focused around policy integration between global institutions. This article develops a framework for conceptualizing cross-level and cross-scale integration which addresses these problems and introduces the opportunities and challenges of pursuing different types of integration in global governance. Cross-level integration involves governance efforts which seek to bridge similar institutions with one another (for example, bringing together efforts by environmental ministries and development ministries). Cross-scale integration, in contrast, deals with governance efforts that bring together institutions which have distinct scopes, jurisdictions, and epistemologies. With this important distinction, the article explores the opportunities for cross-scale integration as part of the global sustainable development efforts and particularly expanding the policy integration focus with spatial and temporal integration as well. The conclusion uses the Earth System Governance perspective to focus on the trade-offs that are likely as wider forms of institutional integration are pursued beyond environmental mainstreaming and policy integration.     

城市产业集中区环境性能评估体系的构建——基于北京市丰台区案例的探讨

城市产业集中区在推动城市产业发展和人口就业中发挥着重要作用,但其在发展过程中,对周边人口和环境带来的负面影响也越来越突出。鉴于现有研究对城市内部空间的环境效率研究不足,论文从环境性能的概念入手,结合产业集中区环境的复杂性、综合性特征,提出了包括社会经济贡献、环境负荷与环境风险3个维度的环境性能评估指标体系,并对污染源识别、空间单元选择等科学问题进行了探索。以北京市丰台区污染源普查数据、注册企业数据及风险源数据为数据基础,采取空间分析方法,定量评价其环境性能空间差异性。主要研究结果包括：提出了选取城市产业集中区环境性能评估空间单元的原则,并将丰台区划分为1 379个500 m×500 m格网单元,论证了环境性能评估的空间尺度效应,表明在更加精细的格网尺度上有利于探查局部空间分异格局;基于北京市丰台区案例,发现环境负荷高的地区主要集中在太平桥、方庄、西罗园、马家堡等东北部街道;环境性能低值区具有明显的中心城区指向、沿快速环路分布和批发市场指向等特征;根据评估结果建议从产业布局、定点管理、生态空间设置以及人口调控等方面为实施精细化的环境空间管控提供依据。     

青海湖流域农田生态系统氢氧同位素特征及其水分利用变化研究

水分条件是直接影响农作物产量高低的主要限制因子之一,但对青海湖流域油菜和燕麦植物水分利用方式的认识尚不清楚。论文收集油菜和燕麦整个生育期内降水、植物和土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成,并通过直接对比法和多源混合模型定量地计算出油菜和燕麦对不同深度土壤水分利用比例。结果表明：降水中同位素组成表征出较大的波动性变化,浅层土壤水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响明显富集于深层土壤水分,且土壤水中同位素在垂直方向上呈浅层土壤水较富集于深层土壤水。油菜在生育期内根系吸水方式在浅层和深层土壤间发生明显的转换,如在蕾薹期、开花期、灌浆期及成熟期主要依赖于0~10 cm（95.1%）、0~10 cm（68%和44.8%）、30~60 cm（69.9%）及0~10 cm（38.8%）的土壤水分。而燕麦根系吸水范围却没有表征出明显的改变,在整个生育期内土壤水分利用深度在0~30 cm间变化。这将为高寒地区耕作方式调整及发展节水高效的现代农业提供理论依据。     

基于InVEST模型的白龙江流域水源供给服务时空分异

甘肃白龙江流域是我国嘉陵江上游水资源重要的补给地之一,对其开展流域生态系统水源供给服务功能空间定量评估研究,有利于水源区保护规划的制定和生态补偿机制的建立。论文基于研究区土地利用数据、气象、土壤和野外观测数据等,应用InVEST模型水源供给模块估算白龙江流域生态系统的水源供给量,并定量分析流域水源供给服务的空间分布特征及不同地形因子的影响。结果表明：白龙江流域生态系统水源平均供给量约在388 mm左右,且存在一定的空间异质性;中部干热河谷区域水源供给量相对较小,东南部山地林区降雨量大,水源供给量较高,林地（如云冷杉类、针叶林类等）和农田水源供给量较高。流域内水源供给量随海拔高度和坡度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其高值区主要分布在1 500~3 500 m和15°~40°区段;阴坡区域水源供给量大于阳坡区域。