Political transition and emergent forest‐conservation issues in Myanmar

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.     

Improving Conservation Outcomes with Insights from Local Experts and Bureaucracies

We describe conservation built on local expertise such that it constitutes a hybrid form of traditional and bureaucratic knowledge. Researchers regularly ask how local knowledge might be applied to programs linked to protected areas. By examining the production of conservation knowledge in southern Mexico, we assert local expertise is already central to conservation. However, bureaucratic norms and social identity differences between lay experts and conservation practitioners prevent the public valuing of traditional knowledge. We make this point by contrasting 2 examples. The first is a master's thesis survey of local experts regarding the biology of the King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) in which data collection took place in communities adjacent to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. The second is a workshop sponsored by the same reserve that instructed farmers on how to monitor endangered species, including the King Vulture. In both examples, conservation knowledge would not have existed without traditional knowledge. In both examples, this traditional knowledge is absent from scientific reporting. On the basis of these findings, we suggest conservation outcomes may be improved by recognizing the knowledge contributions local experts already make to conservation programming. Mejorando los Resultados de la Conservación con la Percepción de Expertos y Burócratas Locales Haenn et al.     

Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management

The conservation community is increasingly focusing on the monitoring and evaluation of management, governance, ecological, and social considerations as part of a broader move toward adaptive management and evidence‐based conservation. Evidence is any information that can be used to come to a conclusion and support a judgment or, in this case, to make decisions that will improve conservation policies, actions, and outcomes. Perceptions are one type of information that is often dismissed as anecdotal by those arguing for evidence‐based conservation. In this paper, I clarify the contributions of research on perceptions of conservation to improving adaptive and evidence‐based conservation. Studies of the perceptions of local people can provide important insights into observations, understandings and interpretations of the social impacts, and ecological outcomes of conservation; the legitimacy of conservation governance; and the social acceptability of environmental management. Perceptions of these factors contribute to positive or negative local evaluations of conservation initiatives. It is positive perceptions, not just objective scientific evidence of effectiveness, that ultimately ensure the support of local constituents thus enabling the long‐term success of conservation. Research on perceptions can inform courses of action to improve conservation and governance at scales ranging from individual initiatives to national and international policies. Better incorporation of evidence from across the social and natural sciences and integration of a plurality of methods into monitoring and evaluation will provide a more complete picture on which to base conservation decisions and environmental management.     

基于多中心治理理论的农村环境污染防治对策

由于过度重视经济指标及政府环境治理方式的局限,中国农村环境污染越来越严重,为此,本文在分析中国农村环境污染现状的基础上,运用多中心治理理论,从政府、市场、社群组织及农民意识等角度,探讨了农村环境污染的原因,并从多中心治理视角提出了中国农村环境污染防治的对策,这些对策包括转换政府角色,发挥市场机制的支持作用,完善社群组织在环境污染治理中的作用,及强化农民环境污染治理的参与意识等。提出的污染防治对策可为社会主义新农村建设时期的环境污染治理工作提供参考。     

农村环境污染治理机制的研究进展

环境保护治理机制是解决环境问题的基础,目前我国农村环境问题日益突出,根本原因在于农村环境保护治理机制尚不完善。通过对农村环境保护的理论研究和实践运用进行归纳,探寻适合我国农村环境治理和保护的理论和方案,构建较为完善的农村环保新机制,为农村环保工作提供参考。     

治理现代化目标下国家空间规划体系的变迁与重构

基于治理理论,从中央—地方以及政府—市场关系维度,分别揭示了西方发达国家和我国空间规划体系在国家治理变迁影响下的演变历程与总体趋向。国土空间规划是我国面向生态文明建设的重要制度变革与治理体系重构的举措,但是面向国家治理现代化目标,未来我国国土空间规划体系再建构还必须重视三个方面的问题：（1）充分理解“国土空间”的多元价值属性,重视国土空间规划对多元目标的统筹平衡,不能把空间简单化为“自然资源”载体,谨防规划蜕化为单纯的“资源环境管控技术工具”;（2）集权与分权相结合,建立与政府事权相对应、层级差异有序的空间规划体系;（3）高度重视规划研究和非法定规划的作用,为空间规划的科学性提供有力支撑。     

基于博弈论视角的美国页岩气开发环境政策分析及启示研究

受水平井技术及水力压裂技术的推动,美国实现了页岩气的规模开发和能源独立.而环境监管漏洞却成为制约美国页岩气产业发展的主要障碍.在此背景下,运用博弈论原理,构建了政府、页岩气开发商、居民三方博弈模型,给出了该模型均衡条件下的解,讨论了影响三方主体决策的主要因素.基于美国的经验,结合中国页岩气开发的实际,提出谨慎推进页岩气开发、注重页岩开发的环境评估、鼓励页岩气开发技术的创新、加强环境监管等建议.     

对中国室内环境治理的发展分析研究

随着中国经济社会的发展,人民生活水平不断提高,随之而来的是人们对生活环境的高要求,因此室内环境的治理就显得尤为重要.室内环境的治理与人们的生活息息相关,关系到人们的身体健康,这就需要对室内环境治理的发展进行研究与探讨,明确该行业的发展现状、目标、发展策略,以创造出良好的经济效益和社会效益,加快小康社会的建设.针对室内环境治理行业的发展现状,只有对行业重要性及其面临的机遇和挑战进行深入挖掘,才能促进行业不断稳健发展.     

微波技术在环境治理中的应用研究进展

综述了微波技术在废气、废水、固体废弃物的处理与环境监测等方面的应用,发现微波技术应用于环境治理领域具有快速高效、节能降耗、安全方便、处理过程中无二次污染物的优点,在环境监测与分析的样品预处理过程中,能够大大缩短预处理时间,操作简单高效,具有较大的环保应用潜力。     

试论中国环境执政能力建设

对环境执政理论进行了初步探讨,给出了环境执政能力的定义和内涵,提出了环境执政能力建设的五大要素和基本构架,确定了环境决策能力、环境行政执行能力、环境管理能力、环境应急能力以及环境技术能力的建设目标,并从环境执政的法律体系、执政体制、执政主体和扶政方式等方面提出了相应的对策措施.