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771.
流域累积效应及其评估中存在问题的探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
阐述了累积效应、流域累积效应和累积效应评估的概念,并从技术、哲学和社会价值体系3方面着重论述了螺积效应评估存在的问题。通过对流域累积效应评估的研究及未来展望,提出了更加完善合理的流域生态管理思路。 相似文献
772.
Matthew Bach 《环境政策》2019,28(1):87-103
ABSTRACTThe oil and gas industry has traditionally been reticent to engage with the issues surrounding climate change, typically being cast as a laggard. Yet, over recent years, the sector has begun taking on a more active role in climate governance, doing so in a variety of capacities – as initiators, catalysts and participants in industry-led or multi-stakeholder efforts. The Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is reviewed, as a case study to illustrate emerging climate leadership within the global oil and gas industry. In 2015, its members committed to a two-degree pathway. The paucity of research on the nascent role of oil and gas firms in climate governance is addressed. 相似文献
773.
Diarmuid Torney 《环境政策》2019,28(1):167-186
ABSTRACTExisting scholarship on climate governance has not sufficiently considered the relationship between climate leaders/pioneers and followers. Because of the global commons nature of climate change, unilateral leadership or pioneership by one or a small number of actors will be insufficient to combat climate change effectively. The need to take seriously the relationship between leaders and followers is all the greater in the wake of the 2015 Paris Agreement, which emphasises diffuse, bottom–up action. The relationship between leaders and followers in polycentric climate governance is unpacked in this contribution. What types of actors can be climate followers? Through what pathways can followership emerge and how can we capture the essential characteristics of leader–follower relationships? What conditions facilitate (or hinder) followership? The utility of the approach is illustrated using cases of EU climate leadership and (non-) followership of other actors. 相似文献
774.
处于转轨经济时期的中.国国有公司建立现代企业制度的核心,就是构建经济型公司治理模式.经济型公司治理模式就是指建立在完善的产权制度和发达的市场体系基础之上的运作机制,它必须具备以下要素:(1)以合理的产权结构和科学的内部治理结构为基础;(2)以充分竞争的市场环境为外部条件;(3)它的关键是改革国有资产营运体制,实行市场化委托代理制度。 相似文献
775.
Beyond Biogeography: a Framework for Involving the Public in Planning of U.S. Marine Protected Areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
TRACEY MORIN DALTON 《Conservation biology》2005,19(5):1392-1401
Abstract: Planning of marine protected areas (MPAs) is highlighted in the conservation literature but is not explored in much detail. Many researchers acknowledge the importance of involving the public in MPA planning, but there is limited guidance on how to do this in an effective manner. I present a framework for involving the public in planning of U.S. MPAs. Derived from empirically and theoretically based research on public participation in U.S. natural resource management, this framework is composed of factors that influence the success of participatory processes: active participant involvement, complete information exchange, fair decision making, efficient administration, and positive participant interactions. Processes incorporating these factors will produce decisions that are more likely to be supported by stakeholders, meet management objectives, and fulfill conservation goals. This framework contributes to the MPA social science literature and responds to calls in the conservation literature to increase the use of social science research to inform conservation decision making. 相似文献
776.
Watershed ordinances in Austin, Texas, USA, are intended to protect streams from stormwater degradation. Their adequacy is
being questioned, however, where development is advancing into the Hill Country northwest and southwest of the city. Detailed
investigation into hillslope runoff reveals that several important facts were overlooked in the ordinances, including locally
high infiltration rates and drainage basins, which function as partial area systems. As a result, development planning is
not taking advantage of the natural mitigation potential of the land. Roads cut across infiltration and moisture retention
areas on side slopes, enlarging the partial area system feeding streams with stormflows. In addition, most residential planning
is not responsive to the stepped microtopography of Hill Country drainage basins and the critical scale at which local runoff
processes operate. Recommendations include adjusting the scale and configuration of development to conform with local runoff
processes and features and taking advantage of the water-absorbing capacities of basin side slopes. The lesson for ordinance
writers is that standard models of community stormwater ordinances are not appropriate for all terrains, especially complex
ones like the Texas Hill Country. 相似文献
777.
Additional research is needed to determine whether restoration of degraded watersheds in the western United States should become large-scale public policy. Numerous small projects have demonstrated that vegetation can be restored, sediment losses halted, and, in some cases, formerly ephemeral streams made perennial. But if all watersheds in a basin were restored, what would be the overall effects both ecologically and economically? For example, if large-scale restoration of small watersheds were conducted in a western river basin, what would be the effects on water yield and quality for the basin as a whole? Would implementing basin-wide watershed restoration be cost-effective? A means of examining this question is to monitor a watershed prior to and during the restoration process and to compare the results to a control watershed. The watersheds would be instrumented such that the ecological processes and water balance could be monitored both instream and within the associated groundwater system. Overall effects would then be subjected to economic and policy analysis, and modeling would be used to extrapolate the new information over the entire basin. These results would then be available to political leaders and government agencies for determining whether large-scale watershed restoration should be public policy. 相似文献
778.
Fiona Nunan 《Natural resources forum》2018,42(3):159-171
A plethora of terms are used to describe the form of governance of complex social‐ecological systems, such as multi‐level governance, polycentricity and network governance. This plethora of terms is associated with a diffuse literature from which it can be challenging to identify which variables are important for investigation of the governance system and what questions could be asked. The purpose of this article is to present the development of a guide for the analysis of the complex governance systems of renewable natural resources, informed by a breadth of literature from which key characteristics, challenges and concepts are identified. The guide consists of three dimensions: multiplicities of levels, actors and institutions; the existence, opportunities for, and challenges of, interactions within and between levels (vertical and horizontal interactions); and an assessment of governance performance through application of governance principles. The guide is applied to a case study of mangrove forests in Kenya, to illustrate its utility in generating understanding and identification of challenges and opportunities for more effective multi‐level governance. It is proposed that the guide could be beneficial to researchers and practitioners seeking to develop an understanding of structures, performance and outcomes of multi‐level governance. 相似文献
779.
Enjie Li Joanna Endter‐Wada Shujuan Li 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(3):589-613
We characterize and compare water challenges confronting the 28 megacities of the world in 2014. Relying on existing literature and diverse primary data sources, we present a unique portrait at a global scale of the water implications of the rapid growth in megacities. We find that differentiating and analyzing the complexity of megacities' water problems based on geographic contexts, historical development trajectories, urban population growth rates, and forms of urban expansion helps explain the nature of the various water management problems they confront. Two governance features also shed light on megacity water challenges: fragmentation resulting from forms of megacity urban expansion; and, urban dualism resulting from contradictions between historical and cultural legacies and the rise of global engineering and technological norms for water management. The increasing vulnerability of megacities to climate change poses risks as well as opportunities for a more collective response to address this global phenomenon. Our analysis raises important questions and offers guidance about the future trajectories of many more large cities around the world that are on their way to becoming megacities. 相似文献
780.
Hans Schreier Sandra Brown Margaret Schmidt Pravakar Shah Bubhan Shrestha Gopal Nakarmi Khagendra Subba Susanne Wymann 《Environmental management》1994,18(1):139-150
GIS overlay techniques were used to provide a quantitative historic documentation of deforestation and land-use dynamics in
the Middle Mountains of Nepal between 1947 and 1990. Deforestation was most critical in the 1960s, but active afforestation
programs in the 1980s have reversed the process. In spite of these trends, the degradation problem is more complex. The GIS
evaluation showed that 86% of the recently afforested land is now under pine plantations located primarily at lower elevations
and moderately steep slopes. In contrast, rainfed agricultural expansion is most pronounced on acidic soils and steeper, upper
elevation sites, suggesting marginalization of agriculture. Agricultural expansion coupled with major losses of grazing land
to pine forests are the key processes pointing towards major animal feed deficits. An alternative animal feed source is suggested
through GIS using a topographically based microclimatic classification to generate a tree-planting map where the optimum ecological
conditions for selective native fodder tree species are identified. 相似文献