Prospective spatial prediction of infectious disease: experience of New York State (USA) with West Nile Virus and proposed directions for improved surveillance

Infectious disease surveillance has become an international top priority due to the perceived risk of bioterrorism. This is driving the improvement of real-time geo-spatial surveillance systems for monitoring disease indicators, which is expected to have many benefits beyond detecting a bioterror event. West Nile Virus surveillance in New York State (USA) is highlighted as a working system that uses dead American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) to prospectively indicate viral activity prior to human onset. A cross-disciplinary review is then presented to argue that this system, and infectious disease surveillance in general, can be improved by complementing spatial cluster detection of an outcome variable with predictive “risk mapping” that incorporates spatiotemporal data on the environment, climate and human population through the flexible class of generalized linear mixed models.

杭州西湖水体富营养化的控制

本文综述了杭州西湖水体富营养化的状况,并为西湖水体富营养化的控制提出了建议和对策。     

锁磷剂对杭州西湖底泥磷释放的控制效果

为探索杭州西湖高有机质底泥内源磷释放的控制技术,分别于春、夏、冬这3个季节采集西湖8个湖区的原状泥柱,进行室内磷释放过程连续培养,研究锁磷剂Phoslock对底泥磷释放通量的控制效果.结果发现,西湖底泥冬、春季磷释放通量较小,全湖平均分别为0.13 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和0.29 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),而夏季则大幅度增高,全湖平均释放通量为3.29mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),每日全湖释放磷可达23.7 kg(以P计);空间上,磷释放通量受底泥有机质含量控制,底泥有机质污染重的湖区总体上磷释放通量大,而与底泥磷含量及有效态磷含量关系不大;投加630 g·m~(-2)的锁磷剂能够有效控制西湖底泥磷释放,在3个季节所有点位,均能将上覆水磷含量控制在0.010 mg·L~(-1)以下,夏季磷释放通量大的时期,锁磷剂的控磷效果达98%.本研究结果表明,即便对于高有机质含量、"香灰土"特征的西湖沉积物,锁磷剂的控磷效果也比较好.在西湖富营养化治理工程中,可以考虑在局部湖湾投放应用.     

南水北调东线水质考核断面达标风险预警监控研究——以高邮市北澄子河三垛西大桥断面为示范断面

为确保南水北调东线输水干线江苏段水质达标,以高邮市北澄子河三垛西大桥断面为示范断面,通过对三垛西大桥断面水质及北澄子河沿程水质变化趋势进行分析,结合对污染来源的剖析,提出应设置风险预警监控断面,制定达标治理措施,加强对三垛西大桥断面水质的风险预警监控.     

现代遥感技术在我国西部开发中的应用前景

西部开发是我国当前的热点所在。开发西部，不仅要借助国家政策的优惠和外来投资的倾斜，更重要的是要充分利用自身丰富的资源走自我发展的道路。因此，引入新的技术辅助西部开发，促使西部开发走上生态循环的道路，才是我们真正的目的。文章介绍了遥感作为新兴的信息技术手段在西部开发中的应用前景，以期能对地方决策部门提供参考。     

中国西部城市复合生态系统特点与生态调控对策研究

城市是一类以人类活动为中心的社会—经济—自然复合生态系统。西部城市是西部大开发的重要铱托。本文首先介绍了中国城市与西部城市的发展概况，在与中、东部和全国城市比较的基础上分析了西部城市的城市化特点以及社会、经济和自然生态特点，并运用生态学原理和复合生态系统理论，提出了西部城市发展的生态调控对策。     

湘西铅锌矿区重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属累积特征

矿区土壤重金属污染在中国乃至全世界都是一个普遍的问题。采用现场采样、室内分析的方法,调查研究了湘西花垣铅锌矿区土壤及优势植物重金属含量,采用污染指数法和富集系数法对该矿区土壤和优势植物重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明,该矿区土壤主要受到Pb、Zn、Cd三种重金属污染。其中,Pb以轻-中度污染为主,Zn以中度污染为主,Cd以重污染为主。优势植物重金属含量测定表明,不同植物对重金属的吸收和累积特征不同,油茶属于金属富集型植物,毛萼莓、芒属于根部囤积型植物,飞龙掌血属于金属规避型植物。以上几种优势植物对重金属均具有一定的耐性,可以作为铅锌矿区弃地植物修复的优选物种。     

Sources of hydrocarbons in sediments of the Mandovi estuary and the Marmugoa harbour, west coast of India

Surface sediments were collected from various locations of the Mandovi estuary and the Marmugoa harbour. Sediments were analysed for organic carbon (OC), total lipids, n-alkanes concentration and composition. Concentrations of OC, total lipids and n-alkanes varied spatially and ranged from 1 to 2.5%, 176 to 1413 microg/g dry weight (dw) sediments, and 0.8 to 3.2 microg/g dw sediments of the Mandovi estuary, respectively; and from 0.6 to 2.9%, 233 to 1448 microg/g dw sediments, and 1.6 to 10.7 microg/g dw sediments in the Marmugoa harbour, respectively. Long chain, odd carbon n-alkanes (C(23)-C(33)) in the Mandovi estuary, whereas short chain, even carbon n-alkanes (C(11)-C(21)) in the Marmugoa harbour sediments were more abundant. The total HC concentrations, n-alkane composition, CPI, UCM and other evaluation indices suggest the dominance of terrestrial hydrocarbons in the estuarine while petroleum derived hydrocarbons in the harbour sediments. This conclusion was further supported by the abundance of hopanes with C(29) to C(34) alpha, beta compounds and steranes with C(27), C(28) and C(29) compounds in the harbour sediments.     

Mercury concentrations in the surface sediments of the intertidal area along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Total mercury (Hg) levels in the intertidal surface sediments along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were analysed by using heat vaporization method. Total Hg levels in these sediments ranged from 3.00 to 201?µg?kg^?1 dry weight with a mean concentration of 60.0?µg?kg^?1 dry weight. More than 90% of the samples studied have the total Hg concentrations less than 150?µg?kg^?1 dry weight. Compare with the regional data and sediment quality guidelines, the Hg contamination in the intertidal area along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia was not serious, except for a few sites that might have received anthropogenic Hg in the samples collected between 1999 and 2000. It is suggested that a similar study of heavy metals in the sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia be conducted regularly.     

Psychological stress and marginalization as indicators of human carrying capacity in deforesting areas

SUMMARY

A scheme in which psychological factors are considered in effective forest management planning is proposed. A central role is played by human carrying capacity, the resilience of people to deal with the consequences of environmental degradation. Stress and marginalization are taken as indicators of human carrying capacity. A study in Côte d'Ivoire is described in which psychological stress and marginalization were studied in individuals from environments which show different degrees of degradation. Three related hypotheses are proposed: first that individuals living in or near a degrading forest are more stressed and marginalized than individuals in a reference group living in Abidjan; second that people living near the forest with the most sustained and severe degradation would be more stressed and marginalized; finally, that members of autochthonous cultural groups show higher stress and marginalization levels than members of migrant groups. The results of our study showed that people living near the degraded forest were more stressed but not marginalized unless the degradation was severe and sustained. Females were more stressed than males and members of both sexes from autochthonous cultural groups were more prone to stress and marginalization than members of migrant groups.