厦门西港近岸沉积物重金属污染历史及源解析

分析厦门西港潮间带柱状沉积物中14种重金属元素(Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb、Fe和Hg)的垂向分布特征、污染历史和污染来源.结果表明, 1795年之前,多数重金属元素含量变化趋势较平稳;1795~1849年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Sr、Cd、Tl、Pb和Hg含量有明显增加;2001~2011年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Sr、Tl、Pb和Hg含量又有增加趋势.多元统计分析结果表明,沉积柱中重金属元素主要有3大来源:交通和工业活动、自然源、工业和生活污水排放,贡献率分别是72.87%、12.20%和10.99%.柱状沉积物中铅同位素示踪分析表明,铅同位素组成从底层至表层由工业活动及污水排放逐步向机动车尾气排放漂移,厦门西港近岸海域中铅污染主要受交通和工业活动、工业和生活污水排放的影响.     

Do developmental initiatives influence local attitudes toward conservation? A case study from the Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve,India

We evaluated the conservation attitudes of the local villagers living adjacent to the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in southern India 6 years after implementation of a World Bank funded eco-development project. We assessed attitudes towards three facets of conservation: the tiger, an emblematic species signifying India's commitment to wildlife conservation; the forest, a principle source of fuel-wood and other products; and the Forest Department, which manages the forest. More specifically we predicted that (i) attitudes would be an effective predictor of resource use interest in the forest and (ii) benefits obtained from the EDP would create more favorable attitudes towards conservation and the protected area employees. Twelve villages located within 3 km from the reserve boundary were chosen and 2-3% of the households interviewed with regard to their attitudes towards these three facets of conservation, their household resource use patterns, wealth, sex, age and length of residency. We found significant associations between wealth, sex, age and both tiger and forest conservation. Providing benefits has not changed the underlying attitudes of the communities. The poorer sections of society, whether receiving benefits or not, tended to support tiger conservation because conserving wildlife did not affect their livelihood in any way, whereas both the rich and poor had misgivings about forest conservation due to dependency on forest products. We conclude that the eco-development project has not effectively addressed the most important of the local concerns.     

西部大开发政策效应评价

经过15年的西部大开发,西部各个省份的综合发展水平怎样?西部大开发是否显著缩小西部与东部地区在综合发展水平和经济增长的差异?哪些政策起到了关键作用?是本文将要探讨的问题。研究方法主要是通过模型与数据的实证研究方法对西部大开发的政策效应进行评价。内容包括:一是通过构建包含了社会、经济、科教与文化、对外开放和资源与环境五大类25个分项指标的综合发展水平评价体系,使用从1997到2013年31个省市的指标数据,并计算出综合评价值来考察西部大开发政策对西部地区各个省份整体发展的影响。从评价值排名上来看发现只有重庆、陕西、四川和内蒙古综合发展水平排名提升明显,而新疆、宁夏和青海发展差距还在拉大,其他省份排名变化不大。从分类指标来看,西部地区整体上社会发展和资源环境与生态提升较为明显,说明中央对于公共服务的转移支付和"退耕还林还草"等保护环境与生态的政策起到了一定的成效。二是选取了交通基础设施建设、中央转移支付和税收优惠这三个主要政策作为计量模型的政策变量,分别考察西部大开发整体和分项政策对于综合发展水平和经济增长率的影响。通过系统GMM方法估计整体西部大开发整体政策效应,以2000年前后对比,政策实施对GDP增长率的提升并不显著,综合发展水平也没有收敛。而以2008年为时间节点,综合发展水平和经济增长速度都得到了显著提升。通过DID估计分项政策,结果表明基础设施投入和转移支付能够有效提升综合发展水平和经济增长速度,税收优惠提升相对较弱。本文建议:在交通基础设施投入方面继续对西部地区予以倾斜,特别是建设西部地区通往东中部地区的交通大通道;培育和完善西部地区的市场经济体系,政府较少干预企业投资决策;加强对于西部落后地区、偏远地区的公共产品投入,加强扶贫工作。     

西部资源型城市绿色发展效率时空分异与驱动力

绿色发展是资源型城市高质量转型的重要体现。通过构建绿色发展效率评价体系,基于MinDs模型、泰尔指数、地理探测器等方法,测算2001—2019年西部资源型城市绿色发展效率时空分异特征,分析其驱动因素。结论如下：（1）西部资源型城市绿色发展效率以2015年为界,呈“先升后降”变化,西北、广西的资源型城市整体上升,西南和内蒙古的资源型城市近年呈下降趋势,成长型城市发展较为稳定,成熟型和再生型城市2017年后下降明显,衰退型城市呈上升趋势;（2）西部资源型城市绿色发展效率表现为极低和极高区间数量少、中间得分数量多的正态分布特征;（3）绿色发展效率空间非均衡的问题较为严重,其中,西北与西南地区的成熟型城市的变化是导致绿色发展效率差异扩大的主要原因;（4）经济发展、城市化、城市规模和技术创新能够显著提升西部资源型城市绿色发展效率,不同空间范围和不同生命周期下的资源型城市绿色发展效率驱动因素各有特点。研究对提升西部各类资源型城市绿色发展效率有实际意义。     

基于对应分析法的吉林西部地下水化学特征时空演化研究

运用对应分析方法,分析了吉林西部地下水化学特征随时间、空间的变化.对研究区进行了分区,分别确定了各区的主要影响因子,并分析了各区的主要因子随时间的变化趋势.最后,结合吉林西部的水文地质条件与人类活动,分析了地下水化学成分的来源及成因.结果显示,吉林西部地下水按照其水质特征可分为3个区:Ⅰ区,位于山前平原的通榆北部、长岭南部等地及盐碱区,阴离子主要为HCO-3,总碱度大,动态变化平稳;Ⅱ区,位于西部山前平原与中部低平原区间过渡带的洮南中部、通榆东北部等地,Ca2+、Mg2+含量高,硬度大,NO-3-N含量较高,且有增大趋势;Ⅲ区,位于低平原区的乾安、前郭、大安地区,主要为高矿化度水,阴离子主要为SO2-4、Cl-,阳离子为Na+,矿化度有增大趋势.上述分析结果符合当地实际.研究表明,地下水化学特征时空演化研究可为地下水污染的防治、生态环境的改善提供重要依据.     

The portrayal of disaster in Western fine art

This paper surveys the depiction of disaster in Western art over the centuries. Emphasis is placed on the Italian tradition, as Italy is a country that has a rich experience of both artistic developments and disasters and has provided inspiration to artists from other countries. The survey begins with Classical art and continues with the Mediaeval fresco tradition. The vision of disaster was expanded when naturalism was introduced into art during the Renaissance. Whereas earthquakes had been a prime motivation for artistic representations in the Mediaeval period, during the Baroque volcanic eruptions seem to have been more popular, especially given the remarkable artistic output around Mount Vesuvius in the 18th century. Marine painters concentrated on storm and shipwreck, but often with delineations of extreme atmospheric phenomena. In the 19th century John Martin and others painted the Apocalypse. In the 20th century, Expressionism favoured lively depictions of natural hazards and so, surprisingly, did certain forms of metaphysical abstraction. Disaster has been seen in Western fine art in six ways: as spectacle, as allegory (through Classical mythology or Biblical drama), as a votive instrument of atonement, as a visual commemoration of an extreme event, and as a dramatization of a metaphysical proposition.     

SYNTHESIS OF DATA FROM STUDIES BY THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER-QUALITY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S. Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic-life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another.     

西秦岭温泉岩浆混合花岗岩的地球化学特征

西秦岭温泉岩体是壳、幔岩浆混合的产物。寄主岩石(酸性端元)属铝过饱和钙碱性系列,贫CaO富FeOtotal,ANKC值大于1 1,NK/A均小于0 9,富Mo、Sn、Bi、W等高温热液成矿元素及Co、Ni、Cr等亲铁元素,LREE/HREE为10～15。基性端元暗色微细粒镁铁质包体及基性岩墙,富Na2O、K2O,而贫FeOtotal,异常富集轻稀土和Ba、Rb、Sr、Zr、Th、Hf、Nb等大离子亲石元素,而贫Co、Ni、Cr等亲铁元素,LREE/HREE为9 98～13 5,异常富轻稀土。由2端元岩浆混合形成的岩浆混合花岗岩,地球化学特征介于2端元间,并有显著的过渡特征和依从关系,反映了重要的岩浆混合信息。     

西部开发中管道建设与生态环境保护的关系

就西部开发中管道工程的建设，分析了管道工程的特点，管道工程对环境的影响因素，并根据西部生态环境的特点，阐述了该类项目生态环境的重要性，提出了生态环境保护的要点。     

A novel mutualism between an ant-plant and its resident pollinator

Pollination systems in which the host plant provides breeding sites for pollinators, invariably within flowers, are usually highly specialized mutualisms. We found that the pollinating bee Braunsapis puangensis breeds within the caulinary domatia of the semi-myrmecophyte Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae), an unusual ant-plant that is polymorphic for the presence of domatia and harbours a diverse invertebrate fauna including protective and non-protective ants in its domatia. B. puangensis is the most common flower visitor that carries the highest proportion of H. brunonis pollen. This myrmecophyte is pollen limited and cross-pollinated by bees in the daytime. Hence, the symbiotic pollinator could provide a benefit to trees bearing domatia by alleviating this limitation. We therefore report for the first time an unspecialised mutualism in which a pollinator is housed in a plant structure other than flowers. Here, the cost to the plant is lower than for conventional brood-site pollination mutualisms where the pollinator develops at the expense of plant reproductive structures. Myrmecophytes housing resident pollinators are unusual, as ants are known to be enemies of pollinators, and housing them together may decrease the benefits that these residents could individually provide to the host plant.