生命周期评价的回顾与展望

产业生态学的主要理论基础和分析方法－生命周期评价起始于６０年代末,７０年代初。经过２０多年的发展,已经从最初的借助于能源分析方法的“资源与环境状况分析”,发展成为具有基本概念和技术框架的环境管理工具。该研究方法已被企业界,政府管理部门,以及消费者组织所采纳,用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。生命周期评价方法的国际标准化正处于积极探索研究之中,将会成为２１世纪最有生命力和发展前途的生态与环境管理工具。     

The re-imagining of a framework for agricultural land use: A pathway for integrating agricultural practices into ecosystem services,planetary boundaries and sustainable development goals: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Agricultural land use

This paper reflects on the legacy of the Ambio papers by Sombroek et al. (1993), Turner et al. (1994), and Brussaard et al. (1997) on the study of agricultural land use and its impacts on global carbon storage and nutrient dynamics. The papers were published at a time of transition in ecology that involved the integration of humans as components of ecosystems, the formulation of the ecosystem services, and emergence of sustainability science. The papers offered new frameworks to studying agricultural land use across multiple scales in a way that captured causality from interacting components of the system. Each paper argued for more comprehensive data sets; foreseeing the power of network-based science, the potential of molecular technologies to assess biodiversity, and advances in remote sensing. The papers have contributed both conceptual framings and methodological approaches to an ongoing movement to identify a pathway to study agricultural land use and environmental change that fit within the concepts of ecosystem services, planetary boundaries and sustainable development goals.     

Oceanographic and biogeochemical drivers cause divergent trends in the nitrogen isoscape in a changing Arctic Ocean

Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N) are used to study food web and foraging dynamics due to the step-wise enrichment of tissues with increasing trophic level, but they rely on the isoscape baseline that varies markedly in the Arctic due to the interplay between Atlantic- and Pacific-origin waters. Using a hierarchy of simulations with a state-of-the-art ocean-biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that the canonical isotopic gradient of 2–3‰ between the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Arctic Ocean has grown to 3–4‰ and will continue to expand under a high emissions climate change scenario by the end of the twenty-first century. δ¹⁵N increases in the Pacific-influenced high Arctic due to increased primary production, while Atlantic sector decreases result from the integrated effects of Atlantic inflow and anthropogenic inputs. While these trends will complicate longitudinal food web studies using δ¹⁵N, they may aid those focussed on movement as the Arctic isoscape becomes more regionally distinct.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01635-6.     

History of mercury use and environmental contamination at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant

Between 1950 and 1963 approximately 11 million kilograms of mercury (Hg) were used at the Oak Ridge Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12 NSC) for lithium isotope separation processes. About 3% of the Hg was lost to the air, soil and rock under facilities, and East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) which originates in the plant site. Smaller amounts of Hg were used at other Oak Ridge facilities with similar results. Although the primary Hg discharges from Y-12 NSC stopped in 1963, small amounts of Hg continue to be released into the creek from point sources and diffuse contaminated soil and groundwater sources within Y-12 NSC. Mercury concentration in EFPC has decreased 85% from ∼2000 ng/L in the 1980s. In general, methylmercury concentrations in water and in fish have not declined in response to improvements in water quality and exhibit trends of increasing concentration in some cases.     

生态全息论对发展循环经济的启示

作者根据生态全息的理论，提出了推行工业生态系统和循环经济的具体步骤。发展循环经济是一个大的系统工程，涉及到经济、环境、社会的各个层面，涉及到国民经济的各个行业和企业，必须进行系统的研究和战略部署，理念不能作为目标，没有政府的支持和企业的积极参与是不行的。     

景观生态学在区域环评中的应用

采用生态环境影响评价中的景观生态学方法，应用景观生态学的基本观点和原理，通过对攀枝花市高耗能工业园区建成前的生态调查，从景观空间结构、恢复能力、内在异质性、绿地拼块之间的连通性等方面，对该工业园区的生态质量及变化趋势作出评价和预测，提出园区生态建设应注意的问题和采取的措施，为攀枝花市高耗能工业园区的生态建设和经济、社会的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

海水养殖室内培育场出水的处理及终水回用的探讨

鱼、虾、贝等人工育苗场的出水中含有大量的排泄物、残饵、残余药物及病原微生物,但目前国内几乎所有的鱼苗场的出水均采用直接排海的办法,对近海生态环境的破坏日益严重,妨碍水产养殖的可持续发展。育苗场内用水一般经过热处理,其出水直接排海浪费大量热能,所以出水的处理及终水回用的研究应该引起重视。     

INTERACTION BETWEEN RIPARIAN VEGETATION,WATER TEMPERATURE,AND SALMONID HABITAT IN THE TUCANNON RIVER1

ABSTRACT: This analysis relates physical-process, ecological, and economic models to: (1) analyze the instream water temperatures with respect to existing and proposed riparian vegetation under natural conditions; (2) use these water temperatures to determine salmon and steel-head fish populations that were based upon actual field count and known temperature preference data; and (3) determine the economic worth based upon the estimated carrying capacity of the river, the estimated number of return spawners, and the economic value of commercially caught and sport-caught salmon and steelhead. The economic evaluations are in accordance with procedures outlined by the U.S. Water Resources Council (1983).     

Study of the saltwater pond at Capoterra,southern Sardinia: General characteristics

Capoterra Pond in southern Sardinia is described and analyzed with respect to its morphological, meteorological, physical and chemical characteristics, and its zoobenthic, zooplankton, and phytoplankton biocenoses. The birdlife, flora, and riparian associations of vegetation are studied in order to draw international attention to the importance of this lagoon, the precariousness of its ecosystem, the seriousness of current attempts to destabilize it, and the need to encourage the Sardinian authorities to initiate conservation measures, especially as rare birds have found their niches there.