燃煤手烧锅炉除尘器的研究与开发

介绍了一种集多种湿法除尘技术之长于一体的新型组合式除尘装置,该装置不仅能有效地消除手烧锅炉燃烧时产生的烟尘,而且实现了除尘水的内循环,消除了其他湿式除尘器所带来的水的二次污染问题。     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.     

高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电强化滤袋过滤特性

传统袋式除尘器对于细微颗粒物的捕集效率不甚理想,在袋式除尘器入口前增加预荷电装置是一种切实可行的强化其过滤特性的技术手段。设计搭建线板式直流高压预荷电器,研究了不同正/负匹配电压及风速对于双极预荷电高炉除尘灰电凝并行为的影响规律,对比分析了滤袋对未荷电、单极负荷电以及双极荷电高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物 (PM _2.5) 的捕集效率与压差特性,得到了不同预荷电方式高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物在滤袋表面沉积的微观形貌结构。结果表明：随着过滤风速 (1.5~0.5 m·s⁻¹及匹配负电压 (−16~−12 kV) 的降低,双极荷电颗粒物凝并效率提高;高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电均能提高滤袋的过滤效率;对于粒径＜0.5 μm颗粒,双极预荷电技术对滤袋捕集效率的强化效果好于单极预荷电技术;对粒径为0.5~2.5 μm颗粒,单极预荷电技术的强化效果超过了双极预荷电技术;颗粒物单/双预荷电技术还使得滤袋阻力增量值及其增长速率值降低,且单极预荷电技术对于阻力降低效果更为明显。本研究可为利用单/双预荷电技术提升传统袋式除尘器对高炉除尘灰中细微颗粒物的捕集脱除特性提供参考。     

侧流电除尘增效机理与检验

针对现有许多电除尘器难以满足日益严苛的颗粒物排放要求而面临提效改造的现状,根据经典电除尘理论,降低电场风速是电除尘器提效的一个有效途径,进而提出一种通过改变烟气流向成倍降低电场风速的侧流电除尘器。首先,为阐明侧流电除尘器的增效机理,基于已有的关于紊流情况下流速对颗粒悬浮作用的研究结果,通过受力分析给出了在有悬浮升力影响下带电颗粒的电除尘效率理论表达式,证明了降低电场风速的增效作用比增加电场长度更有效。然后,在极配结构和处理流量相同、平均入口含尘浓度约1 400 mg·m-3和场强在2.5~4.5 kV·cm-1的情况下,采用中位径为3.5 μm的硅微粉进行了侧流电除尘器和常规电除尘器的减排效果对比实验研究。结果表明,侧流电除尘器的平均排放浓度比常规电除尘器降低45％,减排作用突出。     

鱼类、底栖动物和水生植物的不同组合对水质净化效果的原位围隔实验

在野外原位围隔模拟条件下,研究了鱼类、底栖动物和水生植物的不同组合对富营养化水体的净化效果。研究结果表明：鲢鳙鱼比例对水质有较大影响,当鲢鱼（Hypophthalmichthys molitix）与鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）的比例为3：1时,TN和NH3-N的去除率分别为69.26%和66.39%,4：1时,NO3-N的去除率可达73.65%;当鲢鱼与鳙鱼的比例为5：1时,TP和PO43-的去除率可达66.73%;鲴鱼（Plagiognathops Microlepis Bleeker）对水体中磷元素的去除效果显著,TP和PO43-的去除率可分别提高13.89%和7.91%,但不利于氮的去除;150 g·m-2密度螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）和蚌（Hyriopsis cumingii）的投加对TN的去除率可达72.60%,但对其他营养盐的削减效果不佳;水生植物蕹菜实验组与无植物组相比TN去除率提升6.83%,NH3-N提升6.44%,NO3-N提升12.14%,效果优于菱,但却不利于磷的去除。实验结果可为水生生态系统调控和修复提供科学依据。     

利用卫星遥感评估广西壮族自治区SO2减排成效

基于2005—2012年OMI卫星遥感PBL SO2柱浓度数据分析了广西壮族自治区SO2污染的时空格局和变化特征,并结合燃煤火电厂SO2排放模型估算与工业经济增长数据,在时间、空间尺度上分析了自治区内不同区域的SO2污染对火电厂烟气脱硫政策的响应以及所呈现出的减排成效。结果表明,广西因火电厂脱硫政策驱动的SO2污染改善具有显著的空间异质性,自治区内高污染区的SO2浓度在2011—2012年出现了显著下降,而低污染区的SO2浓度则在8年中持续增长;排放模型估算结果显示,烟气脱硫驱动的火电厂SO2减排贡献将在2008年后持续下降,而遥感观测结果显示,广西全区SO2半年浓度均值总体呈现波动上升趋势,2005—2012年浓度增加了8.6%、年均增长约0.9%;综合工业经济增长数据发现,近年来其他工业源的增量排放已给广西SO2减排带了新挑战,而这一变化仍未得到相关决策部门关注,存在明显缺陷的SO2统计排放量数据尚未得到修正。针对上述污染变化新特征,政府相关部门应引起足够重视,尽快更新完善污染源信息并启动针对其他污染源的限排措施,以确保环境持续改善。     

大清河水系滨岸带入侵草本植物分布特征及影响因素

在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明：大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。

     

影响富营养化水体沉水植物修复的生态因子探讨

日益严重的水体富营养化现象,不仅降低了它的使用功能,也使水生态系统日趋退化,从而制约了当地社会经济的可持续发展。利用组建或重建沉水植物技术净化水质或进行水体生态修复是一种有效的生态工程措施。本文综述了光照、pH、营养盐、重金属、悬浮颗粒物及着生藻类等生态因子对沉水植物修复的影响和修复时应注意的问题。     

沉水植被对河流温室气体释放减缓作用研究

为揭示沉水植物生态修复在减缓河流温室气体释放方面的作用,在浙江省嘉善县选择盛家湾（有沉水植物）和东龙港（无沉水植物）2条河流,利用扩散模型法对其水体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O释放通量进行24 h连续监测,并进行对比分析。结果表明：2条河流除盛家湾水体在16:00表现为CO₂吸收外,其余监测时间内3种气体均呈过饱和状态,表现为向大气释放温室气体,24 h内比较,有沉水植物的盛家湾可减少89%的温室气体释放。将气体释放通量与环境因子进行相关性分析发现,盛家湾水体CO₂释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著负相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著正相关,N₂O释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著负相关;东龙港水体CO₂释放通量与水温呈显著正相关,CH₄释放通量与水温、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,N₂O释放通量与水温呈显著正相关。

     

The Influence of Mycorrhiza on Uranium and Phosphorus Uptake by Barley Plants from a Field-contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background Recent studies indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in plant accumulation of uranium (U) from contaminated environments, but the impacts of fertilization practices on functioning of the symbiotic associations, which are crucial factors influencing plant nutrition and growth responses to mycorrhiza, have rarely been considered. Materials and Methods In a greenhouse experiment, a bald root barley mutant (brb) together with the wild type (wt) were used to test the role of root hairs and AMF in uranium (U) uptake by host plants from a U contaminated soil. Nil, 20 and 60 mg KH2PO4-P kg–1 soil were included to investigate the influences of phosphorus (P) fertilization on plant growth and accumulation of U. Results Dry matter yield of barley plants increased with increasing P additions and wt produced significantly higher dry weight than brb. Mycorrhiza markedly improved dry matter yield of both genotypes grown at nil P, whereas only brb responded positively to mycorrhiza at 20 mg P kg-1. At the highest P level, mycorrhiza resulted in growth depressions in both genotypes, except for the roots of wt. In general, plant P concentrations increased markedly with increasing P additions and in response to mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza and P additions had no significant effects on shoot U concentrations. However, root U concentrations in both genotypes were significantly increased by mycorrhiza. On the other hand, shoot U contents increased with increasing P levels, while 20 mg P kg-1 stimulated, but 60 mg P kg-1 marginally affected the U accumulation in roots. Root length specific U uptake was moderately enhanced both by root hairs and strongly enhanced by mycorrhiza. Moreover, non-inoculated plants generally had higher shoot-root ratios of U content than the corresponding inoculated controls. Conclusion Our study shows that AMF and root hairs improves not only P acquisition but also the root uptake of U, and mycorrhiza generally decreases U translocation from plant root to shoot. Hence, mycorrhiza is of potential use in the phytostabilization of U contaminated environments. Perspectives The complex impacts of P on U accumulation by barley plants suggested that U behavior in mycorrhizosphere and translocation along the soil-fungi-plant continuum as affected by fertilization practices deserve extensive studies for optimizing the function of mycorrhizal associations for phytoremediation purposes.