Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: Modern fragmented and disconnected river systems

Habitats or environmental factors that convey spatial and temporal resistance and/or resilience to biotic communities that have been impacted by biophysical disturbances may be called refugia. Most refugia in rivers are characterized by extensive coupling of the main channel with adjacent streamside forests, floodplain features, and groundwater. These habitats operate at different spatial scales, from localized particles, to channel units such as pools and riffles, to reaches and longer sections, and at the basin level. A spatial hierarchy of different physical components of a drainage network is proposed to provide a context for different refugia. Examples of refugia operating at different spatial scales, such as pools, large woody debris, floodplains, below dams, and catchment basins are discussed. We hope that the geomorphic context proposed for examining refugia habitats will assist in the conservation of pristine areas and attributes of river systems and also allow a better understanding of rehabilitation needs in rivers that have been extensively altered.     

利用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记分析猪舍基质垫层微生物亚群落的分化

采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）生物标记法,分析不同使用时间猪舍基质垫层微生物群落结构的动态变化及其亚群落的分化.结果表明,不同使用时间猪舍基质垫层中的微生物脂肪酸生物标记分布差异显著,一些微生物的脂肪酸生物标记在不同使用时间不同层次的基质垫层中均有分布,为完全分布,而另外一些微生物的脂肪酸生物标记只在特定层次分布,为不完全分布.此外,不同微生物的脂肪酸生物标记在不同使用时间不同层次的基质垫层中的分布量也不同,如生物标记i17:0 3OH仅分布于使用时间为1个月的基质垫层的第1、2、3层中,而在使用时间为1个月的基质垫层的第4层以及使用时间为6、24个月的基质垫层的各层分布量均极低.对猪舍基质垫层中的微生物亚群落分化的研究结果表明,当马氏距离为56.62时,可将不同使用时间的猪舍基质垫层微生物分为3个亚群落：初始亚群落、过渡亚群落和稳定亚群落.对各亚群落的特征分析表明,当欧氏距离为12.70时,可将初始亚群落（垫层使用时间为1个月）的脂肪酸生物标记继续分化为2类群;当欧氏距离为71.10时,可将过渡亚群落（垫层使用时间为6个月）的脂肪酸生物标记分化为2个类群;当欧氏距离为22.22时,可将稳定亚群落（垫层使用时间为24个月）的脂肪酸生物标记分为3个类群.     

菌渣、鸡粪联合堆肥工艺研究

对以菌渣、鸡粪为主要原料的静态条垛式好氧堆肥工艺进行了研究.结果表明在1次发酵过程中,温度维持在55 ℃以上的时间均超过7 d.堆肥结束时,堆体温度恢复到略高于室温水平,含水率下降15%左右,pH值为7.8左右,总氮含量损失了13.8%～15%,并且主要发生在1次发酵阶段.本文通过对各参数的测定和分析发现,菌渣和鸡粪通过添加酵素菌进行30 d左右好氧发酵,即可获得高质量的堆肥产品,对堆肥工程有指导作用.     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.     

秦岭中段不同恢复阶段弃耕农田植物多样性变化及其驱动因素

植被恢复过程往往伴随着显著的地上植物多样性的变化,探讨枯落物养分-土壤养分-酶活性化学计量对地上植被变化的驱动机制,对于维持区域生物多样性保护和生态稳定至关重要.以秦岭不同恢复年限（1、8、16、31和50 a）的典型弃耕农田为研究对象,通过野外调查分析了植被恢复过程中植物群落多样性的变化特征,测定了枯落物养分、土壤养分、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和酸性磷酸酶（AP）这5种胞外酶活性等指标,探讨了植被恢复过程中枯落物养分、土壤养分和酶活性化学计量比的变化特征及其对植物多样性变化的驱动机制.结果表明：植物群落多样性指数随植被恢复年限增加均呈先减小后增大的趋势,在恢复16 a时最小;主成分分析结果表明,植被恢复不同年限植物群落多样性指数及枯落物-土壤-酶化学计量特征之间有显著区别,植物群落多样性指数与枯落物碳磷比及枯落物氮磷比具有强烈的正相关关系,而与土壤酶碳磷比（EEA C∶P）具有明显的负相关关系;冗余分析结果表明EEA C∶P对植被恢复过程中植物多样性变化的解释率最高,为25.93%,其次为土壤全磷（TP）,解释率为5.94%,是调控植物多样性变化的关键因子.综上所述,秦岭中段弃耕农田植被恢复后期植物种类和数量明显增多,土壤环境的变化影响了微生物的代谢活动从而改变了酶活性,枯落物-土壤-土壤胞外酶通过反馈与调节对群落环境和植物多样性产生影响,EEA C∶P和TP是植被恢复过程中地上植物多样性变化的主要驱动因素.     

不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响

研究不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响.结果表明:堆肥降温期添加蘑菇渣有利于提高有机质的降解率,堆肥末期各处理有机质降解率分别为15.85%,10.17%,12.90%和15.16%;有利于吸收固定堆肥中的氨,减少氨的挥发,降低堆肥的pH值.在堆肥初始一次性添加蘑菇渣,有利于堆肥总氮的积累,提高堆肥产品中胡敏酸和腐殖质含量,降低堆肥总氮损失率.在堆肥初始和降温期分次添加蘑菇渣有利于堆肥硝态氮的合成,富里酸的分解以及HA/FA的增加.在整个堆肥过程中,各处理HA和HA/FA均呈增加趋势,FA呈降低趋势,较好地反映了落叶堆肥的腐熟程度.在堆肥不同阶段添加蘑菇渣各有其优点,综合后认为在堆肥初始添加蘑菇渣的效果最为理想.     

森林自燃火灾中的凋落物辐射升温特性研究——以岳麓山为例

为研究森林火灾的凋落物辐射升温特性,设计一套森林凋落物温升速率测定实验装置,从岳麓山采样并通过辐射加热实验观察凋落层内部各点温升状况,采用红外热像仪辅助拍摄着火过程。分析处理7组不同月份的实验数据,获得森林凋落物的温时曲线、温度关联曲线,并建立温升速率关于含水率与表观密度的关联方程。研究表明:温升初期横向温升速率高于纵向温升速率,着火时刻附近纵向温升速率快于横向;岳麓山森林凋落物着火温度区间为340～350℃,在本实验条件下平均着火时间为420 s;各测点温升规律一致,热源基点处达到着火点时的周围温度在200℃左右。     

Long-Term Monitoring of Scots Pine Litter Decomposition Rates Throughout Sweden Indicates Formation of a More Recalcitrant Litter in the South

Decomposition studies were carried out at sites throughout Sweden, including the four Integrated Monitoring sites. Scots pine needle litterbag weight loss measurements over 3 or 5 years were determined at 26 sites and repeated up to 27 times, depending on the site. Humus layer respiration rates were determined for 20 sites in 1987–1989 and repeated in 2007–2008. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was used to elucidate the relative importance of climatic and soil factors. Annual needle weight losses decreased only slowly (20–10%) over 3–5 years for all northern (>60°N) sites but decreased sharply from 30 to 10% in the third year in southern (<60°N) sites. Respiration rates of southern sites were less (40% on average) than those of northern sites. Humus layer N was positively correlated to needle weight loss during the first and the second years, but negatively correlated in the third year and to respiration rates. The results indicated that litter formed in southern Sweden became more recalcitrant in later stages of decomposition compared to litter produced in northern Sweden.     

土壤动物对三江平原典型毛果苔草湿地枯落物分解的影响

采用尼龙网分解袋法,从枯落物的分解量、组分含量和分解残留物的热能值3方面,研究了土壤动物对三江平原毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）湿地枯落物分解的影响。结果表明,土壤动物加速了枯落物的分解,大中型土壤动物的分解作用大于小型土壤动物;土壤动物增加了枯落物中腐殖酸、纤维素和木质素等物质含量以及C／N比值的变化幅度,促进了枯落物组分的释放;土壤动物影响枯落物分解过程中的能量流动;但土壤动物并未影响枯落物分解的总体变化趋势,土壤动物对枯落物分解不起决定性作用。     

西南喀斯特土地利用变化对植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响

以贵州关岭花江喀斯特峡谷原生林、灌木林、草地和坡耕地这4种典型土地利用方式下的凋落物-土壤为研究对象,研究土地利用变化对西南喀斯特植物凋落物-土壤C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤酶活性的影响及其驱动机制.结果表明,4种不同土地利用方式的凋落物-土壤C、N、P含量和土壤酶活性存在显著差异.与其他区域相比,凋落物和土壤分别具有高C低N高P、低C低N高P的格局.脲酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶表现出原生林灌木林草地坡耕地,碱性磷酸酶则是原生林灌木林坡耕地草地.未来的生态建设应重视原生林的保护.土壤养分受凋落物C、N、P及其计量比的显著影响,但土壤酶活性与凋落物无显著联系.冗余分析表明,土壤酶活性与土壤TN、SWC、C∶N极显著相关(P 0. 01),与p H和N∶P显著相关(P 0. 05),重要性大小依次为TN SWC C∶N p H N∶P.