Quantification of ionophores in aged poultry litter using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Veterinary anticoccidials, biochemically known as ionophores, are widely used in poultry feed at therapeutic levels to treat Coccidiosis and at sub-therapeutic levels for growth- promotion. Commonly used ionophores in the US poultry industry are monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid and narasin. There is an increasing concern regarding the persistence of these anticoccidials in the environment. However, little attention has been directed to methods development for quantitatively measuring ionophores in complex environmental matrices such as poultry litters that are land applied. Here, we describe a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method developed for simultaneous quantification of monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, and narasin in aged poultry litter samples. Results show significant level of monensin (97.8 ± 3.2 μg kg^?1), lasalocid (19.2 ± 6.6 μg kg^?1), salinomycin (70 ± 2.7 μg kg^?1) and narasin (57.3 ± 2.6 μg kg^?1) in poultry litter stored for over three years at < 5°C. Our findings indicate that even after several years of unmanaged storage of poultry litter, ionophores may continue to persist in this matrix, raising the possibility of prolonged release into the environment.     

不同添加量凋落物及生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,采用培养试验,研究了杉木凋落物及其生物质炭(Biochar,BC)在不同添加量条件下(0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%土壤质量分数)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:凋落物处理的土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、细菌、真菌含量均随添加量的增加而增加,而丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和放线菌(ACT)含量在不同添加量处理间则无显著差异.对于BC处理,在3%添加量下土壤微生物总PLFA、革兰氏阳性细菌(GP)、革兰氏阴性细菌(GN)、真菌、AMF和ACT含量均达到最大,表明BC对土壤微生物活性的促进作用与凋落物截然不同.此外,凋落物添加对真菌的影响较大,但对ACT的影响则显著低于BC处理.主成分分析表明,凋落物和BC添加均显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构,且前者的影响更为明显,而添加量对其影响则较小.冗余分析发现,土壤全氮与C/N比值分别为影响凋落物与BC处理中微生物群落结构变化的主要因子.     

养猪舍不同发酵床垫料重金属Zn累积特征初探

为了研究养猪舍不同发酵床垫料及发酵床底部表层土壤中重金属Zn的累积特征与活性大小,以节约经济成本和适宜猪生长发育为前提选取3种发酵床垫料组合：FJ（40%稻壳＋60%菌糠）、FD（40%稻壳＋60%锯木屑）、FW（40%稻壳＋60%酒糟）,采用物质流分析（MFA）和潜在生态危害评价的方法进行研究。结果表明,一个在养猪周期过后,重金属Zn在垫料FD中累积量较大;而不同垫料对Zn活性大小的影响不同,FD中有效态Zn活性显著高于其他2种,所占比例高达25.01%,其次是FJ＆gt;FW（P＆lt;0.05）;表层土壤中,有效态Zn活性高低差异不显著（P＆gt;0.05）。所选取的3种垫料中,尽管Zn在FJ中累积量最小,渗漏到土壤中的全量Zn与有效态活性与其他2种垫料无明显差异,然而其潜在生态风险最小,因此从控制Zn污染角度出发,该配比垫料优于FD与FW。经过潜在生态危害评价分析,3种垫料在养殖结束后其潜在生态危害均未超过轻微生态危害临界值（Eir≤40）,在不断补充垫料的前提下发酵床可以使用约10年。     

氮沉降对草原凋落物分解的影响

大气氮沉降增加是全球变化的重要现象之一,草原生态系统对氮沉降增加的响应成为草地生态学的研究热点之一。凋落物分解是草原生态系统养分循环和能量流动的主要途径,氮沉降增加引起草原植物群落结构变化,导致凋落物质量、土壤肥力、土壤微生物和土壤动物的变化,最终影响凋落物的分解。本文综述了氮沉降对草原凋落物结构、化学组成和分解环境的影响等方面的国内外最新研究进展,讨论了需进一步加强研究的内容,以期为进一步拓展该领域研究的广度和深度、为全面分析和评估全球变化对草原生态系统的影响提供参考。     

Woody debris in north Iberian streams: influence of geomorphology, vegetation, and management

The effect of stream geomorphology, maturity, and management of riparian forests on abundance, role, and mobility of wood was evaluated in 20 contrasting reaches in the Agüera stream catchment (northern Iberian Peninsula). During 1 year the volume of woody debris exceeding 1 cm in diameter was measured in all reaches. All large woody debris (φ > 5 cm) pieces were tagged, their positions mapped, and their subsequent changes noted. Volume of woody debris was in general low and ranged from 40 to 22,000 cm³ m⁻²; the abundance of debris dams ranged from 0 to 5.5 per 100 m of channel. Wood was especially rare and unstable in downstream reaches, or under harvested forests (both natural or plantations). Results stress that woody debris in north Iberian streams has been severely reduced by forestry and log removal. Because of the important influence of woody debris on structure and function of stream systems, this reduction has likely impacted stream communities. Therefore, efforts to restore north Iberian streams should include in-channel and riparian management practices that promote greater abundance and stability of large woody debris whenever possible.     

Marine Debris &; Plastics: Environmental Concerns,Sources, Impacts and Solutions

Marine debris (marine litter) is one of the most pervasive and solvable pollution problems plaguing the world’s oceans and waterways. Nets, food wrappers, cigarette filters, bottles, resin pellets, and other debris items can have serious impacts on wildlife, habitat, and human safety. Successful management of the problem requires a comprehensive understanding of both marine debris and human behavior. Knowledge is key for consumers to make appropriate choices when it comes to using and disposing of waste items. Education and outreach programs, strong laws and policies, and governmental and private enforcement are the building blocks for a successful marine pollution prevention initiative. The plastic industry also has a role to play in educating its employees and customers, and searching for technological mitigation strategies.     

Effects of Mine Drainage on Breakdown of Aspen Litter in Mountain Streams

Rates of aspen litter breakdown were measured at 40 sites in streams of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, U.S.A. The sites encompassed a range of effects of mine drainage, from pristine (no effects) to highly stressed. The pH, concentrations of dissolved zinc, and deposition rates of metal oxides (the three main stresses from mine drainage) were measured in each stream. Rates of litter breakdown were estimated from changes in mass of aspen leaves in litterbags. The biological communities associated with litter breakdown also were evaluated by measuring the biomass of shredding invertebrates in litterbags and the rate of microbial respiration on litter. Of the stresses from mine drainage, concentration of zinc and deposition rate of metal oxides were most closely related (negatively) to rate of litter breakdown. Biomass of shredding invertebrates was also negatively related to concentration of dissolved zinc and deposition of metal oxides. Microbial respiration was negatively related to deposition rate of metal oxides and positively related to concentration of nutrients. Both shredder biomass and microbial respiration were positively related to litter breakdown rate and, together, accounted for 79% of its variation. Recovery of litter breakdown in streams affected by mine drainage requires remediation that limits both dissolved and deposited metals.     

Leaf litter ecological fate in the Schelde Estuary in Belgium

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＳｃｈｅｌｄｅＲｉｖｅｒｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｓｉｎＳａｉｎｔ Ｑｕｅｎｔｉｎ(ＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＦｒａｎｃｅ) ,ｐａｓｓｅｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈＢｅｌｇｉｕｍａｎｄｔｈｅＮｅｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄｓａｎｄｔｈｅｎｆｌｏｗｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＳｅａｉｎＶｌｉｓｓｉｎｇｅｎ .ＩｔｉｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｔｒｕｅｅｓｔｕａｒｙｌｅｆｔｉｎｔｈｅＤｅｌｔａａｒｅａ(Ｈｅｒｍａｎ ,1999) .ＴｈｅＢｅｌｇｉａｎｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｈｅｓｏ ｃａｌｌｅｄＳＩＧＭＡｐｌａｎｆｏｌｌｏｗ…     

Dissolved Organic Carbon in Upland Forested Watersheds Underlain by Continuous Permafrost in Central Siberia

Hydroclimatic variability and plant species ecology cause mosaics in forested watersheds in permafrost zones. Measurements of organic matter accumulation, stock of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DOC concentrations in litter leachates, subsurface flow, stream and seasonal and annual export were made in two contrasting slopes and valleys in the northern taiga of Central Siberia. Increased organic carbon accumulation in litter was found in poor hydroclimatic conditions of the north-facing slope and bottom valleys. In contrast, DOC contents and its export to soil were almost two-fold higher in warmer well-drained sites of the south-facing slope. The overall DOC flux to mineral soil from the beginning of June to mid-September was 17 g C m⁻² in the south-facing slope sites and only 9 g C m⁻² in the north-facing slope sites. DOC export was positively correlated with precipitation stimulating leaching of mobilizable organic matter. Accordingly intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of the DOC fluxes was tightly coupled with water input. Meanwhile DOC export in Sphagnum and feathermoss sites showed different behavior in dry and wet years. The presence of permafrost preventing deep seepage of organic solutes results in higher stream DOC fluxes compared to permafrost-free or island permafrost regions. However, thawing of seasonally frozen soil layer during the growing season led to the decreasing concentrations of DOC in the stream from June to September. For two seasons of continuous stream water sampling (June and August–September), the riverine DOC flux constituted about 14% of DOC entering mineral soil on both slopes. The ratio of hydrologic DOC loss to NPP of larch forests of the region was estimated to be 1.1%.     

飒马场次生半湿润常绿阔叶林凋落物特征初步研究

对滇中牟定县飒马场小流域内常绿阔叶林群落凋落物的物种、器官组成及产生动态进行了一年的初步研究。结果表明:群落年凋落物量为3 51t/hm2,叶的产生量占总量的76 33±13 66%,枝8 02±5 38%,花果7 30±7 57%,杂物8 35±4 95%。叶决定着群落凋落物产生的节律,两者都呈现出双峰型,在4月和11月分别出现峰值,其他组分的影响则不明显,与叶的凋落动态甚至出现负相关。几种主要物种的凋落物产生虽大多都是双峰型的,但和整体的节律相关性都很低。