氮沉降下鼎湖山森林凋落物分解及与土壤动物的关系

研究了南亚热带3种森林生态系统凋落物在N沉降下的分解动态及其与土壤动物群落的关系。选取季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和马尾松林建立野外模拟N沉降样地,实施四个处理组,对照(Control)、低氮(50kg·hm-2·a-1,LowN)、中氮(100kg·hm-2·a-1,MediujmN)和高氮处理(150kg·hm-2·a-1,HighN),利用凋落物网袋法,在18个月的时间内调查分析了凋落物分解过程及其中的土壤动物密度特征。研究结果表明,植被演替阶段对凋落物的分解速度存在影响,季风林凋落物降解速度显著性快于混交林和针叶林(P<0.05);18个月后,季风林各处理地凋落物残留率为0.05、0.14、0.13和0.17,混交林为0.64、0.56和0.62,针叶林为0.66、0.63和0.62。N沉降增加对凋落物分解存在一定影响。且这种影响与植被类型之间存在明显的交互作用。N沉降处理对季风林凋落物分解表现出了一定的抑制作用,而且这种差异随时间推移愈益明显,但在混交林和针叶林内,试验后期凋落物分解受到了N沉降处理的促进作用。在试验后期,尤其是12个月后,凋落物网袋土壤动物密度在不同林地和不同水平N处理下体现了差异化发展趋势。在季风林内,N处理地土壤动物密度受到了明显的抑制;在混交林和针叶林内,低N样地动物密度显示了相比对照样地的明显优势,但在较高强度的中N处理地无论在凋落物的降解速率还是在动物密度上都与对照样地没有明显差别。文章认为,N沉降处理所产生的影响可能受环境N饱和程度的调控。文章还提出,在凋落物分解进程中,土壤动物群落具有“后期进入”特征,这对于进一步准确分析森林凋落物分解进程及土壤动物的贡献有重要意义。     

琼江河流域森林生态系统水源涵养能力估算

森林生态系统的水源涵养功能是其生态功能的重要组成部分.琼江流域森林生态系统是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分,其森林生态系统的水源涵养功能将极大地影响当地的生产生活.文章以四川省遂宁地区琼江河流域2007年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,运用综合蓄水能力法,比较了研究区不同森林类型、林龄、海拔、坡度下的林冠降雨截留能力,枯落物最大持水量和土壤蓄水能力,评估了区域尺度森林生态系统的水源涵养能力.结果表明,2007年,研究区内森林生态系统涵养水源总量为1125.02×104 m3.其中,林冠层截留占总涵养水源量的18.07%,枯枝落叶层持水量占3.34%,土壤蓄水量达到78.59%,是森林涵养水源的主体.柏木因其面积上的优势,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到92.44%;阔叶混交林单位面积涵养水源量最大,达到1568.39 t·hm-2,其次是针阔混交林(1517.10 t·hm-2),经济林(1461.99 t·hm-2),针叶混交林的水源涵养能力最弱,仅1045.39 t·hm-2,主要是因为研究区内针叶混交林土壤的非毛管孔隙度较小.因绝大多数有林地的海拔都处在300~500 m处,使得其水源涵养贡献率最大,达到98.65%.同时,平坡森林生态系统的水源涵养能力最强,达到1171.92 t·hm-2,其次是缓坡,可达1150.59 t·hm-2,能力最小的是陡坡森林生态系统,仅1147.34 t·hm-2.近50 a来,研究区内森林覆盖率变化较大,按照其“十二五”规划,研究区在2015年森林覆盖率将达到45%,根据其森林面积的变化估计其森林涵养水源量可达1511.2×104 m3.在对研究区水源涵养功能及其差异认识的基础上,进行合理经营与管理,可以最大限度地发挥森林生态系统服务功能.     

模拟湿地水分变化对小叶章枯落物分解及氮动态的影响

2005年5月-2006年9月,利用三江平原典型碟形洼地的自然水分梯度作为水分变化研究的替代系统,结合分解袋法,模拟研究了湿地水分变化对典型草甸小叶章(TMC)和沼泽化草甸小叶章(MMC)枯落物分解及氮动态的可能影响.试验沿水分梯度设漂筏苔草群落(PF)、毛果苔草群落(MG)、乌拉苔草群落(WL)、沼泽化草甸小叶章群落(XII)、典型草甸小叶章群落(XI)和岛状林群落(DZL)6个分解小区.研究表明.水分条件对枯落物分解有重要影响,当未来降水格局变化导致小叶章湿地形成积水环境后,TMC和MMC枯落物的失重率分别将增加4.33%-16.76%和24.84%-53.97%.分解速率将增加10.51%-32.73%和77.85%-93.92%,95%分解时间将减少0.72-1.85 a和3.67-4.05 a;TMC和MMC枯落物的氮含量及氮积累指数的变化较为一致.但不同小区间的变化模式差异较大.二者枯落物的氮在DZL、XI、WL、MG和PF小区整体上均表现处出释放累积的交替变化特征.但仍以释放过程为主.在XII小区,氮在整个时期一直表现为释放.C/N分解过程中氮养分的调控作用更为重要;TMC和MMC枯落物的氮现存量分别为12.75 g·m-2和8.29 g·m-2.氮年归还量分别大于1.95 g·(m2·a)-1和2.25g·(m2·a)-1;温度对枯落物相对分解速率具有促进作用,水分条件对其具有抑制作用.当分解环境的养分状况不发生较大变化时,相对分解速率取决于枯落物基质质量,当养分状况发生较大改变时,相对分解速率取决于环境养分供给状况.     

岷江上游高山森林凋落叶在冬季河流中的质量损失特征

凋落叶在高山森林河流中的分解不仅是生态系统物质循环的重要内容,而且与森林养分流失以及下游水体环境密切相关,并可能受到冬季雪被变化和土壤季节性冻融的影响,但一直缺乏必要的关注。因此,以岷江上游高山森林4种代表性植物康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)和四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)凋落叶为研究对象,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究了一个冬季不同冻融时期(冻结初期、冻结期和融化期)的质量损失特征。经过一个冬季(162d)的分解,康定柳、高山杜鹃、方枝柏和四川红杉凋落叶分别完成了初始干重45.5%、18.9%、26.4%和23.8%的分解;除康定柳凋落叶质量损失在融化期最大外,其余3种凋落叶均表现为冻结初期最大;康定柳、方枝柏和四川红杉凋落叶质量损失与河流水环境的平均温度和正积温均表现出显著或极显著的正相关关系,且与河流流速和硝态氮显著正相关,而与河流pH显著负相关;高山杜鹃凋落叶质量损失除与HCO3-含量显著相关外,与河流水温及其它水质特征均无显著相关关系。这些结果表明高山森林河流流速及水环境特征显著影响了凋落叶分解及其相关的物质循环过程,但影响程度受到凋落叶特性的调控。     

What is left behind when the lights go off? Comparing the abundance and composition of litter in urban areas with different intensity of nightlife use in Mar del Plata,Argentina

Nightlife activities represents an important source of urban litter; the latter often being left behind or abandoned in public places and streets. Mar del Plata is a very important city on the Atlantic coast of Argentina and is the main tourism destination in the South Atlantic region of South America. However, few studies on urban litter related to nightlife activities have been conducted in the area. Here we assessed (i) the abundance and composition of litter, and (ii) the spatial and temporal variations of its abundance, diversity, richness and evenness in urbanized areas with different intensity of nightlife activities from April 2008 to March 2009. An overall of 13,503 items were counted. Around 92% of the total litter was comprised by cigarette butts, papers and plastics. We found significant spatial differences in the abundance of litter between sampling sites, with the greatest amounts of litter at the Alem site followed by the Hipólito site (both with an intensive nightlife activity) compared with the Chauvin site (a quiet high-income neighborhood). The composition of litter of the Alem and the Hipólito sites was relatively similar and both sites differ with respect to the Chauvin site. Cigarette butts, papers, and plastics were the items that contributed most to the dissimilarity between sampling sites. The diversity of litter was the single community parameter that significantly differed from the other seasons. We discussed the potential effect of nightlife activities on the amounts and quality of urban litter in the city of Mar del Plata.     

辽东湾河口区海洋垃圾赋存特征及管理对策

海洋垃圾已引起国际社会的广泛关注,是当前环境领域热点问题之一.为揭示我国渤海近岸海域海洋垃圾的赋存特征及其分布规律,于2018年丰水期（8月）在辽东湾河口区海域布设6个长度为5~10 km的调查断面,利用拖网同时采集海面漂浮垃圾与海底垃圾,初步调查辽东湾近岸海域海洋垃圾分布和组成特征,并对海洋垃圾来源进行了分析.结果表明:①辽东湾海面漂浮垃圾数量密度为67个/km2,质量密度为741 g/km2;海底垃圾数量密度为19个/km2,质量密度为2 544 g/km2.②在所收集的各类海洋垃圾中,塑料类垃圾数量占比约为50.9%,其中海底塑料类垃圾数量占比（62.1%）明显高于海面漂浮塑料垃圾数量占比（37.5%）.③由塑料垃圾形态特征和表面带有的标识判断,辽东湾近岸海域塑料垃圾主要是来源于生活塑料垃圾（84.9%）和渔业垃圾（15.1%）.在此基础上,建议加强源头管理以减少塑料垃圾进入海洋,主要包括完善当前海洋垃圾分类方法、加强渔业塑料垃圾回收、提升公民保护海洋环境意识和制定国家海洋塑料垃圾行动计划等.      

盐度和水淹对短叶茳芏枯落物分解和二氧化碳释放的影响

在全球气候变暖和盐水入侵的背景下,探究湿地枯落物分解和CO_2释放对盐度和水淹的响应具有重要意义.以闽江河口湿地的短叶茳芏为研究对象,模拟不同盐度和水淹条件下枯落物分解.研究结果表明:(1)盐度升高抑制枯落物的分解(p0.01),低盐(5)、中盐(10)、高盐(15)在非水淹条件下分别比对照(0)的失重率平均减少10.83%、17.93%和29.39%,水淹条件下平均减少24.18%、31.62%和47.46%.(2)对照组的枯落物分解速率为水淹条件(0.0070 d~(-1),t_(0.95)=0.76 a)大于非水淹条件(0.0051 d~(-1),t0.95=0.94 a),而处理组的枯落物分解速率和CO_2释放速率均呈现出非水淹条件大于水淹条件.非水淹的枯落物CO_2释放通量比水淹条件的增长7.05%~86.23%.(3)在枯落物分解95%的干物质的期间内,与水淹条件相比,非水淹对照组平均每g干物质释放的CO_2高于水淹对照组34.49%;然而,随盐度升高,非水淹条件下的平均每g干物质释放的CO_2受抑制.(4)盐度和水淹对枯落物残留量的贡献率分别为24.82%和14.29%,对枯落物CO_2释放通量的贡献率分别为75.62%和6.13%.     

Effects of litter removal on plant species diversity: a case study in tropical Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China

The removal of litterfall in the Eucalyptus plantations in South China affected the plant biodiversity in these ecosystems was found based on the field observation and lab analysis.The protection times of species diversity of three Eucalyptus communities were different (Community Ⅰ with no protection,Community Ⅱ with 7-year-protection,Community Ⅲ with 35-year-protection).The total numbers of species in these communities(from Community Ⅰ to Ⅱ to Ⅲ)are 1,6,and 17,respectively.The tesults showed that the protection of litterfall from being taken out of the ecosystem is important and can increase plant species diversity.This study ombined biomass data,the chemical and physical properties of the soil,and the diversity of microbes in the communities.It is concluded that the mechanism of the effects of litter removal on biodiversity includes three factors:removing the suitable habitat of microbe and animal,decreasing the soil mutrient, and changing the special habitat for the germination and growth of invading plants.These results should have important implications for managing these Eucalyptus forest ecosystems in South China.     

Effects of channel incision on base flow stream habitats and fishes

Channel incision is a widespread phenomenon that results in stream and riparian habitat degradation. Fishes and physical habitat variables were sampled at base flow from three incised stream channels and one reference stream in northwest Mississippi, USA, to quantify incision effects on fish habitat and provide a basis for habitat rehabilitation planning and design. Incised channels were sampled in spring and autumn; the reference channel was sampled only in the autumn. Incised channel habitat quality was inferior to the reference channel despite the presence of structures designed to restore channel stability. Incised channels had physical habitat diversity levels similar to a nonincised reference channel, but contained fewer types of habitat. At base flow, incised channels were dominated by shallow, sandy habitats, moderate to high mean local Froude numbers, and had relatively little organic debris in their beds. In contrast, the reference stream had greater mean water depth, contained more woody debris, and provided more deep pool habitat. Fish assemblages in incised channels were composed of smaller fishes representing fewer species relative to the reference site. Fish species richness was directly proportional to the mean local Froude number, an indicator of the availability of pool habitat.     

高山森林溪流凋落叶冬季水溶性碳含量动态

凋落物分解过程中水溶性碳是高山森林溪流生态系统碳的重要来源,其在溪流中的流动转移不仅会影响下游水质环境,而且其含量动态受冬季季节性雪被形成及消融过程的深刻影响,但缺乏必要关注.因此,采用凋落叶分解袋法,以川西高山森林典型乔木(四川红杉Larix mastersiana、方枝柏Sabina saltuaria)和灌木(高山杜鹃Rhododendron lapponicum、康定柳Salix paraplesia)凋落叶为研究对象,根据凋落叶自然分解规律,研究冬季不同时期(冻结初期、冻结期、融化期)河流、溪流、河岸带以及林下凋落叶水溶性碳以及可溶性组分含量格局的动态变化特征.结果表明:在冬季的分解过程中,冻结初期河流与溪流中凋落叶水溶性碳与可溶性组分含量显著降低,而至冻结期与融化期含量均无明显变化.各时期,林下凋落叶水溶性碳和可溶性组分含量显著高于其他生境,表现为从河流、溪流、河岸带至林下逐渐增加的变化趋势.相关分析表明,高山森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳和可溶性组分含量与平均温度、正积温、负积温以及流速均呈极显著负相关关系,同样也受到PO3-4和p H等水环境因子的影响.可见,高山森林凋落叶冬季水溶性碳和可溶性组分在分解过程中易随水体的流动而向下游生态系统输出,这为深入认识高山森林-流域水体间的生态联系提供了一定的科学依据.