枯立物对红松洼草地植物幼苗建立的影响

枯立物的存在对于改变植物种群的动态有潜在的影响。通过人工设置枯立物高度梯度，我们调查研究了枯立物对红松洼草地植物幼苗建立的影响，结果表明，枯立物对幼苗建立有明显的影响。枯立物对种群的潜在影响主要表现在幼苗的数量上。实验模拟枯立物高度分别为0、5、10、15cm，研究结果表明，双子叶幼苗数量与枯立物的变化呈单一峰值，而莎草科植物幼苗数量与枯立物的变化呈线形关系。枯立物高度在5cm时Shannon-Wiener指数和群落均匀度Evenness（％）指数量高，其排列顺序为：5cm→10cm→0cm→15cm。     

黄河口盐沼湿地盐地碱蓬和互花米草凋落物的分解特征

凋落物分解在湿地生态系统中扮演重要的角色。为探索潮汐梯度下凋落物分解过程中质量和营养元素变化情况,采用分解袋的方法,选择盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）和互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）凋落物作为研究对象,沿着潮汐梯度开展凋落物分解的野外实验。结果表明：凋落物分解速率与凋落物类型、土壤盐度、含水率以及潮汐干扰强弱有关;潮汐干扰强的区域互花米草分解快于盐地碱蓬,潮汐干扰弱的区域盐地碱蓬分解快于互花米草,两种凋落物分解速率在0.00134~0.00234 d^-1之间。分解末期,凋落物都呈现C和N的净释放,盐地碱蓬凋落物平均释放了36.9%的C和55.8%的N,互花米草凋落物平均释放了53.1%的C和47.1%的N。本研究强调关注潮汐梯度下的凋落物分解,其在调节生物地球化学循环以及碳累积上具有重要意义。     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

Soil effects of six different two-species litter mixtures that include Ulmus pumila

The tree species that contribute to decomposed leaf litter can have important effects on soil properties and thus nutrient cycling and interactions between tree species. We examined ground leaf litter and soil mixtures consisting of leaves from Ulmus pumila (Up) combined individually with leaves from one of six other species: Betula platyphylla (Bp), Quercus liaotungensis (Ql), Salix matsudana (Sm), Hippophae rhamnoides (Hr), Caragana microphylla (Cm), and Amorpha fruticosa (Af). The soil–litter mixtures were incubated for 120 days to analyse the effects of their decomposition on soil properties and to determine the interactions between the different types of litter within each mixture. The decomposed litter mixtures were composed of Up combined with Sm- or Hr-improved soil fertility relative to the pure Up mixture, but the decomposed litter mixtures were composed of Up combined with Cm-, Af-, or Ql-diminished soil properties. Three leaf mixture treatments, namely Up?×?Bp, Up?×?Sm, and Up?×?Hr, exhibited synergistic effects on soil properties (i.e. soil properties exceeding the predicted values); however, three other treatments, namely Up?×?Ql, Up?×?Cm, and Up?×?Af, exhibited antagonistic effects (i.e. properties below the predicted values). Therefore, litter from Bp, Sm, or Hr should be mixed with Up to improve soil fertility and production in plantations.     

Water-quality effects of a mechanized subsurface-banding technique for applying poultry litter to perennial grassland

Poultry litter is known to be an excellent organic fertilizer, but the common practice of spreading litter on the surface of pastures has raised serious water-quality concerns and may limit potential benefits of litter applications. Because surface-applied litter is completely exposed to the atmosphere, runoff can transport nutrients into nearby streams and lakes, and much of the ammonium nitrogen volatilizes before it can enter the soil. Our previous research showed that a manual knifing technique to apply dry litter under a perennial pasture surface effectively prevented about 90% of nutrient loss with runoff from surface-applied litter, and tended to increase forage yield. However, this technique (known as subsurface banding) cannot become a practical management option for producers until it is mechanized. To begin that process, we tested an experimental single-shank, tractor-drawn implement designed to apply poultry litter in subsurface bands. Our objective was to compare this mechanized subsurface-banding method against conventional surface application to determine effects on nutrient loss with runoff from a perennial grassland treated with dry poultry litter. Early in the growing season, broiler litter was applied (6.7 dry-weight Mg ha⁻¹) to each plot (except three control plots) using one of two application methods: surface broadcast manually or subsurface banded using the tractor-drawn implement. Simulated rainfall (5 cm h⁻¹) generated 20 min of runoff from each plot for volume and analytical measurements. Results showed that subsurface-banded litter increased forage yield while decreasing nutrient (e.g. N and P) loss in runoff by at least 90% compared to surface-broadcast litter.     

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.     

川西亚高山云杉叶凋落物质量损失过程及土壤生物的作用

采用分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山云杉纯林与混交林叶凋落物的质量损失过程及土壤动物与微生物的作用。结果如下:(1)云杉叶凋落物分解过程中,土壤动物数量总体呈下降趋势,即土壤动物主要在分解前期发挥作用,其中,大型土壤动物早期以植食性的蛴螬为主,中期以捕食性的石蜈蚣为主,后期以腐食性的马陆为主;中小型土壤动物始终以螨类、跳虫和线虫为优势类群;相关分析表明线虫数量与云杉叶凋落物分解速率相关性最大,大型土壤动物次之。(2)云杉叶凋落物分解过程中,微生物数量总体呈上升趋势,即土壤微生物主要在分解后期发挥作用,进一步相关分析表明真菌数量与云杉叶凋落物分解速率相关性大于细菌和放线菌。(3)云杉纯林叶凋落物分解速率低于混交林,其中分解3、15、21、24个月时,纯林小孔径分解袋失重率分别为混交林的65.51%、95.73%、98.91%、94.8%,大孔径分解袋失重率分别为混交林的89.83%、92.95%、98.13%、97.13%,即,两类林分小孔径分解袋及凋落物分解前期失重率差异更为明显,表明凋落物分解速率既受底物质量的影响,也和参与分解的土壤生物有关,其中与线虫、大型土壤动物及真菌的数量相关性最大。     

杭州湾潮滩湿地植物不同分解过程及其磷素动态

湿地植物枯死物分解影响湿地营养物质循环.为分析杭州湾潮滩植物枯死物分解过程和磷素动态,开展了3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)立枯阶段的观测和分解袋法模拟实验.结果表明,观测期间立枯干物质量逐渐降低,180 d后逐步凋落至地面;立枯磷含量则波动下降.植物分解具有明显的阶段性,初期(0~15 d)损失最快,然后降低.地下根系分解速率表现为:海三棱藨草>芦苇>互花米草,地上部分则相反.分解95%所需时间在1.2~8.3 a之间.植物磷含量先下降后上升,绝对含量则表现为净释放.分析表明,植物分解速率与C/N比没有显著的相关关系,而受C/P比的影响较大.环境因子中的大气温度对分解也有影响.立枯阶段和分解袋法模拟下植物所处的环境不同是影响两者分解过程差异的主要原因.     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物叶片及枯落物的生态化学计量学特征研究

以黄土高原纸坊沟流域3种不同植物类型(乔、灌、草)下优势物种的叶片及其枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、NP限制率以及营养元素的回流关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑.结果表明,不同植物类型叶片碳氮磷含量变化较小,钾含量变化较大,表现为草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木与灌木;叶片在凋落前将大量的养分转移至其它器官,防止养分的流失,使得枯落物碳氮磷钾含量均小于叶片.碳、氮、磷、钾的回流率分别为6.16%~22.84%、24.38%~65.18%、22.38%~77.16%、60.99%~89.35%,其中碳、磷、钾的回流率以草本最大,磷的回流率以灌木最大.乔木与灌木叶片与枯落物N∶P、N∶K、C∶N比差异不显著,草本植物差异显著.植物叶片N∶P比变化范围为12.14~19.17,叶片枯落物N∶P比变化范围为12.84~30.67.通常将N∶P比为16作为评价植物生长受氮或者磷限制的临界值,不同植物类型叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(19.17)乔木(15)草本(12.14),说明该区灌木主要受磷含量的限制,草本植物主要受氮含量限制,乔木主要受氮磷含量共同限制.叶片钾含量与N∶P呈极显著的负相关,枯落物钾含量与C∶P比呈极显著的负相关.综合研究表明,该区3种植物类型碳氮磷含量无差异,钾含量差异显著,叶片碳氮磷钾回流率较大,不同植物类型受氮与磷限制作用不一致植物在生长演替阶段对氮磷等元素的累积与回归表现出一定的特异性.