Fine‐resolution conservation planning with limited climate‐change information

Climate‐change induced uncertainties in future spatial patterns of conservation‐related outcomes make it difficult to implement standard conservation‐planning paradigms. A recent study translates Markowitz's risk‐diversification strategy from finance to conservation settings, enabling conservation agents to use this diversification strategy for allocating conservation and restoration investments across space to minimize the risk associated with such uncertainty. However, this method is information intensive and requires a large number of forecasts of ecological outcomes associated with possible climate‐change scenarios for carrying out fine‐resolution conservation planning. We developed a technique for iterative, spatial portfolio analysis that can be used to allocate scarce conservation resources across a desired level of subregions in a planning landscape in the absence of a sufficient number of ecological forecasts. We applied our technique to the Prairie Pothole Region in central North America. A lack of sufficient future climate information prevented attainment of the most efficient risk‐return conservation outcomes in the Prairie Pothole Region. The difference in expected conservation returns between conservation planning with limited climate‐change information and full climate‐change information was as large as 30% for the Prairie Pothole Region even when the most efficient iterative approach was used. However, our iterative approach allowed finer resolution portfolio allocation with limited climate‐change forecasts such that the best possible risk‐return combinations were obtained. With our most efficient iterative approach, the expected loss in conservation outcomes owing to limited climate‐change information could be reduced by 17% relative to other iterative approaches.     

两种方法监测近岸大气NOX浓度的比较

分别用常规法和离子色谱法对近岸海域大气ＮＯＸ 进行同步监测，并对两方法间的相关性和测定结果的换算进行了研究。结果表明： 两者呈极显著的正相关，相关系数达０－８３５（ｎ＝ ９） ，其测定结果是可换算的。为此，建立了采用离子色谱法测定气溶胶ＮＯ－３ 浓度预测近岸大气ＮＯＸ 浓度的方法。     

A rare case of de novo structural rearrangement of X chromosome diagnosed by amniocentesis

A dicentric X chromosome was found in a female fetus during cytogenetic studies performed on amniotic cells. Blood samples from the parents showed normal karyotypes and the pregnancy was terminated. The mechanism for the formation of this ‘de novo’ rearrangement is discussed.     

可见光助三维电极/电Fenton处理罗丹明B废水的研究

提出了以多孔TiO2薄膜(Porous-TiO2)板为阳极,活性炭负载Fe-Ni共掺P25颗粒(Fe-Ni-P25/AC)为粒子电极的可见光助三维电极/电Fenton(Vis-3D/EF)降解有机废水的新方法.同时,考察了该体系对罗丹明B溶液的去除效果和影响因素,探讨了降解过程的反应动力学,并与常规阳极和粒子电极组成的体系处理能耗进行了对比,探讨了Vis-3D/EF体系各个作用对去除率的贡献及对罗丹明B的降解机理.实验结果表明,在电源电压20 V、溶液pH=3、Fe2+离子投加量0.5 mmol·L-1、曝气量1.5 L·min-1、反应时间60 min时,20 mg·L-1罗丹明B的降解率为96.84%,处理过程更符合二级反应动力学.在此条件下,Porous-TiO2阳极板和Fe-Ni-P25/AC粒子电极组成的体系,降解过程具有明显的协同催化特点,协同因子达1.22,且处理能耗仅为常规石墨(Gr)阳极、活性炭(AC)粒子电极组成体系的1/85.5.Vis-3D/EF降解过程中电催化氧化作用、Fenton氧化作用、可见光催化作用及可见光下的协同作用对去除率的贡献分别为43.88%、20.21%、15.26%和17.49%.同时,通过叔丁醇捕获实验发现,·OH对去除率的贡献为75.58%,表明·OH是该体系中产生的主要活性物质.     

北京市紫外线指数的观测研究

1999年5月—2001年10月在北京观象台对紫外线指数(UVI)进行了长期观测,结果表明:UVI季节差异明显,春、夏、秋、冬季的最大值分别为7 85,9 87,4 92,2 99;正午时的平均值分别为3 52,5 31,2 17,1 24。在UVI高峰时段(10:00—15:00),秋、冬季的UVI基本在0～2范围,对人体危害不大;而0～2,3～4,5～6,大于7的各级UVI的平均累积日照时间春季分别为159,87,47,2min,夏季分别为75,99,93,29min,春、夏季紫外线辐射对人体危害较大。另外,UVI的累积分布显示,春、秋、冬季的UVI多数集中在各季节平均值以下,而夏季正午前后的UVI多分布在其季节平均值以上。      

太湖梅梁湾水体中可见光的衰减、吸收及散射

对太湖梅梁湾沿岸带和敞水区的水体进行了光学特性研究。结果发现，沿岸带的水下光辐射衰减系数(Kd)值较敞水区小；400nm与500nm向上辐照度比值(Eu440／Eu550),沿岸带在1m左右最小,敞水区在0．5m左右最小;沿岸带的水面下向上辐照度与向下辐照度的比值(R)低于敞水区：440、550、670nm的后向散射与吸收的比值(b／a),在沿岸带的1m处最大,敞水区在0．5m处最大。这些结果说明,相对于敞水区而言,沿岸带的光衰减较弱,无机悬浮颗粒的含量较少,最大叶绿素a分布较深。     

On the study of ecosystem health:state of the art

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｒｉｎｇｌａｓｔｄｅｃａｄｅｓ,ｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｈｅａｌｔｈ”ｉｓｕｓｅｄｗｉｔｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｉｎｔｈｅｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ.Ｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｕ...     

g 辐照预处理促进剩余污泥发酵产氢的研究

为降低能耗,提高辐照技术的经济性,探讨了在0~9.5kGy范围内,γ辐照剂量对生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余污泥中耗氢菌的抑制效果和对发酵产氢的影响,建立了描述发酵产氢过程及辐照影响的动力学模型.结果表明,γ辐照剂量从0增加至9.5kGy时,污泥溶解率从0增加至4%,上清液中可检测出一定的蛋白质和多糖等物质,其中蛋白质中的氮素占溶出总氮素的90%,表明较低剂量辐照即对污泥菌体造成较明显的破解,这可在一定程度上抑制无法形成芽孢的耗氢菌活性;与之相对应的是污泥发酵产氢能力的明显提升,以葡萄糖为底物(1.0g/L),在35℃和初始pH值为7.0时,当辐射剂量仅为0.5kGy时,累积产氢量即比未辐照时有70%的提升,进一步增加辐照剂量至5kGy,累计产氢量和产氢得率均继续增长且达到最大值,分别为240mL/g葡萄糖和1.93mLH2/mol葡萄糖(发酵液的污泥量达2.0g VSS/L);此后,污泥发酵产氢能力随辐射剂量的增加而降低.修正的Logistic模型能很好地描述本研究中累积产氢量随时间的变化规律,而修正的Han-Levenspiel模型能很好地描述辐照剂量对平均产氢速率的影响.     

Conceptual understandings of the ecological engineering issues: in China and abroad

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｓａｎｅｗｂｒａｎｃｈｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄａｎｉｎｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｆｉｅｌｄ,ｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｗａｓｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙ1960ｓ.Ｄｕｒｉｎ...     

膨润土对复合污染中表面活性剂的吸附及机理

选取阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)为代表,研究了其在膨润土上的吸附行为,探讨了膨润土阳离子交换容量(CEC)、温度、盐度对CPC吸附的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附性能最好,对SDBS基本无吸附,对TX-100的吸附介于两者之间.Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附是阳离子交换和疏水键缔合共同作用的结果,对TX-100的吸附主要是通过其与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用,同时通过疏水键作用形成吸附双分子层;SDBS在Ca基膨润土上的吸附损失量先增大后减小,在1.5倍临界胶束浓度 (CMC)时达到极大值,主要机理是SDBS与膨润土中的Ca²⁺产生沉淀作用,而胶束具有再溶解沉淀的作用.膨润土对CPC的吸附量随着温度升高而降低,随着CEC的增大而增大,一定浓度NaCl的加入有利于其在膨润土上的吸附.