海洋沉积物中多种重金属的X射线荧光分析法

建立了海洋沉积物中包括砷、铜、铅、锌、镍和总铬在内的多种重金属X射线荧光分析法,测量不需要任何消解前处理过程,可在约1h内测量1个样品中的50余种元素,用该方法分析了8个海洋沉积物标准样品,还与原子荧光光谱法或原子吸收分光光度法比对分析了2个实际样品,结果表明,该方法可信度较高,且具有快速、简便、高效等特点,是一种非破坏性分析方法。     

用波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定土壤中铬的不确定度

运用测量不确定度评定与表示的理论,分析了波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤中铬的不确定度,得出测定铬的不确定度为1.0mg/kg.     

两种典型垃圾焚烧灰渣特性的试验研究

针对垃圾的炉排型和流化床型两种典型焚烧工艺,取焚烧底渣和焚烧飞灰样品若干,进行了样品的能谱分析(EDX)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析,并进行对比.研究结果表明,两种焚烧工艺产生的焚烧底渣元素组成均以C、O、Ca为主,而焚烧飞灰相对于焚烧底渣具有结构复杂和性质多变的特性.炉排型焚烧飞灰比流化床型焚烧飞灰含有更多的重金属,更具危险性.     

核技术利用辐射安全监管法律法规解读

随着核技术日益广泛的利用,我国放射性同位素和射线装置技术的应用发展迅速,它在给人类带来巨大利益的同时也带来了辐射危害,安全隐患突出,安全监管任务重。本文就与核技术利用辐射安全监管有关的问题进行法律法规解读,以提高辐射安全监管依法行政能力。     

黄棕壤中不同粒径组分的提取分级与表征

以去离子水为分散剂,采用连续分级法,结合使用筛分、沉降、离心及错流超滤(CFF)等技术,将60目黄棕壤提取分级为细砂粒(50~250μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、纳米微粒(<0.1μm)5个组分;采用激光粒度仪、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对分级结果进行了表征.激光衍射粒度分析所测得各组分实际粒径分布结果与划定的粒径分级范围均很好吻合,表明按上述方法对土壤颗粒进行分级是有效、可行的.TEM观察到的纳米粒级成分呈规则球形,绝大部分颗粒粒径在20~40nm之间,有少部分大颗粒团聚体存在.     

Synthesis and enhanced visible-light responsive of C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres

C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres （labeled as C,N,S-THs） were synthesized using carbon spheres as template and C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 nanoparticles as building blocks. The structure and physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum （DRS）, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and Photoluminescence emission spectroscopy （PL）. The results showed that the hollow spheres had average diameter of about 200 nm and the shell thickness was about 20 nm. The tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres exhibited strong absorption in the visible-light region. C,N,S-tridoped could narrow the band gap of the THs by mixing the orbit O 2p with C 2p, N 2p and S 3p orbits and shift its optical response from ultraviolet （UV） to the visible-light region. PL analysis indicated that the electron-hole recombination rate of TiO2 hollow spheres had been effectively inhibited when doped with C, N and S elements. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated for the degradation of X-3B （Reactive Brilliant Red dye, C.I. Reactive Red 2） aqueous solution under visible-light （λ 〉 420 nm） irradiation. It was found that the C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres indicated higher photocatalytic activity than commercial P25 and the undoped counterpart photocatalyst.     

层状双氢氧化物即时合成处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水

利用LDH合成原理,提出了即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法.其基本原理是,在废水处理中由于Mg²⁺、Al³⁺水解共沉淀形成LDH,Cr(Ⅵ)阴离子优先进入LDH结构层间平衡结构电荷,从而使Cr(Ⅵ)阴离子以LDH沉淀的形式被去除.这一原理已为模拟废水实验和沉淀物结构分析证实.研究结果表明,影响处理效果的因素是Mg/Al比值、pH值以及Cr(Ⅵ)浓度,当pH值为8.5～9、Mg/Al为1∶1～2∶1时Cr去除率最高,Mg、Al利用率也比较高,出水水质满足工业排放要求,从而显示这种废水处理技术具有非常好的效果.     

A visible light-responsive iodine-doped titanium dioxide nanosphere

I-doped titanium dioxide nanospheres (I-TNSs) were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal synthesis route, their potential for the e cient utilization of visible light was evaluated. The prepared anatase-phase I-TNSs had a bimodal porous size distribution with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 76 m2/g, a crystallite size of approximately 14 nm calculated from X-ray di raction data, and a remarkable absorption in the visible light region at wavelengths > 400 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by decoloration of Methyl Orange in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation in comparison to the iodine-doped TiO2 (I-TiO2). The I-TNSs showed higher photocatalytic e ciency compared with I-TiO2 after irradiation for 180 min even though the latter had a much greater surface area (115 m2/g). It was concluded that the surface area was not the predominant factor determining photocatalytic activity, and that the good crystallization and bimodal porous nanosphere structure were favourable for photocatalysis.     

沙尘粒子的成分和形态分析

采用试剂薄膜法和X射线能谱,分析了1995年春季发生在北京5次沙尘过程中采集的单个沙尘粒子的特征,粒子按粒径分为粗粒子(d＞1μm)和细粒子(1μm≥d＞0.1μm),除了沙尘粒子呈不规则形状,主要集中在粗粒子段外,得到的其它主要结果如下:几乎没有沙尘粒子含有可溶性硫酸盐,含硫粒子的能谱中硫的峰也不明显,并且含有硝酸盐的沙尘粒子仅占总沙尘粒子数的11%,远远低于无沙尘时硝酸盐粒子所占的比例.这些结果说明,发生于中国北部和西北地区的沙尘在中国大陆内传输过程中,其本身成分变化不大,仍以其源区的组成成分为主.另外在个别沙尘过程中的采样分析表明,北京市内的建筑粉尘有时也是局地的尘源,它们在粗细粒子中都有,外形呈规则的立方体结晶状,所含的地壳元素以Ca为主.     

沸腾炉粉煤灰的特性研究

沸腾炉排出的粉煤灰与煤粉炉排出的粉煤灰在性质上有很大差异。沸腾炉粉煤灰主要由不规则状的细分散颗粒组成,其本体化学成分和表面化学成分存在一定差异。不同的粉煤灰颗粒具有不同的化学组成。沸腾炉粉煤灰以不规则状玻璃体为主要物相,结晶矿物不含莫来石。沸腾炉粉煤灰的细度很高（0.011～0.038mm范围的颗粒约占55％）,比表面积巨大,达8.00腾炉粉煤灰具有极高的火山灰活性,28天抗压强度比达97％,与525号水泥相近