外绝缘用液体硅橡胶老化现象的微观表征

本文针对近年来出现在一些变电站SF6电压、电流互感器的液体硅橡胶绝缘护套出现龟裂老化这一现象,对发生老化的硅橡胶材料进行了性能测试和试验,并利用红外光谱分析、XPS分析、热失重等手段分析了其微观结构和物质组成的变化。研究发现老化后的液体硅橡胶中Si-C、Si-O官能团和Si、C、O元素的相对含量发生了变化,且随着老化程度的增加呈现出较为明显的规律,老化越严重,Si-C键含量越少,C元素的含量越少,O元素含量越多。本文认为,用官能团含量、元素相对含量可以准确地表征液体硅橡胶材料的老化程度。通过对不同老化程度的液体硅橡胶进行的憎水性、耐漏电起痕性能的试验也证实了本文的观点。     

X射线衍射法在有机药物研究中的运用

目前随着新药开发、研制过程中对测试方法要求的不断增高,X射线衍射法因其能快速准确地判断药物晶体而被广泛应用于有机药物研究的各个领域.通过对X射线衍射法中装样方法、θ角度和狭缝的选择等参数研究,以获得该方法测定有机药物成分的最佳工作条件,使该法能为有机药物测定提供满意的图谱和更准确的测定结果.     

基于光电子能谱的高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄试验分析

鄂尔多斯盆地高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄现象普遍,腐蚀穿孔频次逐年上升,管道安全防护管理成为难题。为了识别输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄原因,作者在分析含水率、地层水水型、溶解氧对管道内腐蚀影响的基础上选择特征试验管段,基于X射线光电子能谱技术开展管道内壁厚度变化、金相组织、腐蚀产物特性、边缘腐蚀状态研究。结果表明:高含水输油管道内壁腐蚀减薄类型为Cl+O2+H2O环境下的垢下腐蚀,以溶解氧（O2）腐蚀为主,氯离子（Cl－）腐蚀为辅;内壁腐蚀减薄原因为原油含水率过高、水中氯离子含量过高、水中含有溶解氧和介质流速偏低。     

Effect of leachates from municipal solid wastes in the surface characteristics of calcareous soils located in Central Mexico

Anthropogenic activities induce changes in a series of soil features. For example, continuous contact between soil and municipal solid waste leachates can encourage weathering processes as well as other mineral transformation reactions; consequently, the soil loses the function of environmental protection. Pollution-induced changes in the surface properties and morphology of soils have been rarely studied. In this work, the surface characteristics of calcareous soil located at a municipal solid waste disposal site in central Mexico were studied. Soil characterisation was carried out to determine the mesoporous size, particle surface area and crystallinity of collected samples. Comparison of these characteristics was made between soil in continuous contact with leachate flow and soil not in contact with leachate. The characterisation was carried out using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The presence of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cr was examined in both soils. Leachates in contact with this soil showed characteristics typical of liquid produced by the decomposition of municipal solid waste (pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential and alkalinity).     

几种改性磷肥的X射线衍射特征初报

运用X射线衍射技术对改性磷肥的结构进行研究,发现其晶体结构发生了较大的变化;这种晶体结构的变化减少了改性磷肥中有效磷在土壤中的固定,从而大大提高了其生物有效性,是生物量增加的主要原因。     

Influence of the organic complex concentration on adsorption of herbicide in organic modified montmorillonite

This study was undertaken to determine the impact of the organic complex concentration on the adsorption of herbicide (acetochlor) at the surface of the organic modified montmorillonite. In this work, natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Boljevac municipality, Serbia) was used for organic modification. Cation-exchange capacity of this montmorillonite was determined using a methylene blue method (86 mmol/100 g of clay). Montmorillonite has been modified first with NaCl and then with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-bromide) organic complex. Saturation of cation exchange capacity (CEC) was 50%, 100%, and 150%. Changes in the properties of the inorganic and organic montmorillonite have been examined using the X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and batch equilibrium method. Montmorillonite modified with HDTMA-bromide demonstrated higher uptake of the herbicide, compared to the inorganic montmorillonite. Comparing the values Freundlich coefficients in batch equilibrium method, it can be seen that the adsorption of acetochlor decreased in the series: 0.5 CEC HM > 1 CEC HM > 1.5 CEC HM > NaM.     

Effect of Sb dopant amount on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol

Ti/Sb-SnO_2 anodes were prepared by thermal decomposition to examine the influence',of the amount of Sb dopant on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of the electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol.The physicochemical properties of the Sb-SnO_2 coating were markedly influenced by different amounts of Sb dopant.The electrodes,which contained 5% Sb dopant in the coating, presented a much more homogenous surface and much smaller mud-cracks,compared with Ti/Sb-SnO_2 electrodes containing 10% or 15% Sb dopant,which exibited larger mud cracks and pores on the surface.However,the main microstructure remained unchanged with the addition of the Sb dopant.No new crystal phase was observed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol on the Ti/SnO_2 electrode with 5% Sb dopant was inclined to electrochemical combustion;while for those containing more Sb dopant,intermediate species were accumulated.The electrodes with 5% Sb dopant showed the highest efficiency in the bulk electrolysis of 4-chlorophenol at a current density of 20 mA/cm~2 for 180 min;and the removal rates of 4-chlorophenol and COD were 51.0% and 48.9%,respectively.     

钙质闪石11种阳离子占位度的X射线衍射测定

本义对前期[1][2]的理论分析成果进行修改和验证。前期曾用大量文献上的晶体结构参数仅演为理论的X射线树木图，从中选出若干条特征峰，用逐步回归方法对其强度比与钙质闪石的11种阳离子占位度问，建立一系列经验公式，用以估算未知的钙质冈石样品阳离子占位度，精度在85％－98％之间，多数阳离子精度超过90％．在闪石晶体化学研究上具有重要意义的阳离子如M1、M3位中Mg、Fe2＋、A位的K、三缺值Em及万位的Si等精度均超过90％；晶体化学类型定名的准确度达85％。成果表明，利用X射线衍射法估算闪石的阳离子占位在理论上是可能的。但还有待于用实测数据检验其可行性。本次工作的日的，便是以实测数据来验证前期理论成果并确定其可靠性。通过反复改变衍射圈上特征反射的选择和改变样本数，以实测结果验证各种组合建立的线性模型，所估算的各品位各种阳离子占位数的准确度在78％－96％之间，大多数大于80％，接近或超过90％的有八位的K、空缺值Em、位的Mg、Fe没＋及T位的Si等。晶体化学类型定名的准确度可达80％。但在建立线性模型时，必须将理沦计算的粉末国与实测阁一起进行统计。所选用的实测样品愈多，该族矿物种后愈广泛，则建立的模型的代表性也愈广泛，可靠程度愈高。这一成果证实了用此类方式建立的     

闪石X射线衍射谱上特征峰强度测定的实验研究

本文为《闪石族类质同象及晶体化学的X射线研究》这一专题的系列论文之二，阐述实验方法中的关键问题。通过用特殊的磨样及采用毛玻璃压样，结合计算拟合修正衍射强度等方法，研究了如何减轻乃至消除闪石族样品X射线图中310择尤取向问题，得出较为理想的结果。并讨论了如何判断在制样过程中可能产生的诸如水化、轻度蚀变及键定无序等影响强度测定精度的问题。提出了可行的实验方案。所提方法，对其他涉及修正强择尢取向的X射线衍射图的许多问题均可资借鉴。     

Study on activated carbon in chromium-containingwastewater treatment by XPS

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