水源切换条件下模拟管网铁离子释放控制简

用北京市某供水区域铸铁管段搭建2套模拟管网装置,对水源切换条件下管网铁离子释放的控制进行了研究。实验过程中利用地下水为水源,通过调节进入管网的水中氯浓度为1.0~1.1 mg/L,溶解氧浓度为7~8 mg/L,经过40 d运行后,管垢成分主要为α-FeOOH和Fe₃O₄。切换地表水源后,新的管垢组成更有助于铁氧化物中铁的氧化还原重新达到平衡,从而可以有效减少水源切换条件下铁离子的释放,管网出水浊度也得到很好的控制,保持了管网水质稳定性。     

感应热固定床CWPO处理染料废水的催化剂制备及其性能

感应热固定床(IHFB)作为新型热传递方式下非均相反应器,利用感应加热铁磁材料将热量传递至液相,形成固液界面高温微反应区,实现有机废水低能高效降解。实验以海绵铁为感应内核,淀粉为碳源,0.2 mol/L硝酸镍为浸渍溶液,按照一定固液比采用浸渍焙烧法制备了C包覆表层负载NiO的感应热催化剂(mNiO/C),对mNiO/C材料的形态结构进行了SEM、ES和XRD表征。结果表明,铁碳比(Fe/C)3∶1、浸渍固液比1∶1、500℃下焙烧2 h,重复包覆3次所得的mNiO/C材料结构最稳定、催化活性最大。并以直接紫D-BL模拟废水为进水,考察了流动状态下感应热固定床催化湿式过氧化氢氧化法(CWPO)降解染料废水的性能,在最优条件下,染料降解率高达80%以上。     

Comparison of biotic and abiotic treatment approaches for co-mingled perchlorate, nitrate, and nitramine explosives in groundwater

Biological and abiotic approaches for treating co-mingled perchlorate, nitrate, and nitramine explosives in groundwater were compared in microcosm and column studies. In microcosms, microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI), nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and nickel catalyzed the reduction of RDX and HMX from initial concentrations of 9 and 1 mg/L, respectively, to below detection (0.02 mg/L), within 2 h. The mZVI and nZVI also degraded nitrate (3 mg/L) to below 0.4 mg/L, but none of the metal catalysts were observed to appreciably reduce perchlorate ( approximately 5 mg/L) in microcosms. Perchlorate losses were observed after approximately 2 months in columns of aquifer solids treated with mZVI, but this decline appears to be the result of biodegradation rather than abiotic reduction. An emulsified vegetable oil substrate was observed to effectively promote the biological reduction of nitrate, RDX and perchlorate in microcosms, and all four target contaminants in the flow-through columns. Nitrate and perchlorate were biodegraded most rapidly, followed by RDX and then HMX, although the rates of biological reduction for the nitramine explosives were appreciably slower than observed for mZVI or nickel. A model was developed to compare contaminant degradation mechanisms and rates between the biotic and abiotic treatments.     

零价铁(Fe~0)共存下TiO_2光催化降解特性的研究

针对TiO2光催化反应中易出现电子-空穴对(e--h+)的复合、而Fenton技术又面临铁污泥的问题,向TiO2光催化反应中加入零价铁(Fe0)。通过调节溶液pH,使Fe0缓释Fe2+,且反应之后的pH仍能满足TiO2光催化反应所需。溶液中的Fe2+,一方面能减弱TiO2光催化产生的e--h+的复合,提高TiO2光催化反应的效率;另一方面,在紫外灯照射下也可以起到光Fenton降解作用。研究结果表明,Fe0共存下TiO2光催化对废水的降解率高于单独使用TiO2光催化或光Fenton对废水的降解率。对Fe0共存下TiO2光催化降解废水的褪色率的动力学研究表明,该反应属于三级动力学反应,且其对有机物的降解具有TiO2光催化和光Fenton加合增效的效果。     

Management of treated pulp and paper mill effluent to achieve zero discharge

Pulp and paper mills are one of the major effluent generating industries in the world. In most cases, mill effluent (treated or raw) is discharged back into a river, creek, stream or other water body; resulting in negative environmental impacts, as well as social concerns, among the downstream users. Pulp and paper mill effluent management, which could result in zero discharge into downstream water bodies, would present the best management option to address socio-environmental concerns. This paper presents such an effort aimed at closing the water cycle by using treated effluent from the mill to irrigate forage and fodder crops for producing animals feed. The treated effluent is delivered from the mill through gravity into a winter storage dam of 490ML capacity. For irrigation applications on 110ha of farmland, which is 42% of the total farmland, the water is pumped from the winter storage dam to five individual paddocks with Centre Pivot (CP) irrigators and one rectangular paddock with a Soft Hose Travelling (SHT) irrigator. From October 2001 to June 2006, a total of 2651mm of wastewater was applied at the farm. The impact assessment results, obtained from field monitoring, investigations and analysis, indicated that the closed water cycle effluent management strategy described had resulted in a lessening of the impact on water resources usually associated with paper mills. However, social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of the produce may still be a major consideration.     

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in peroxynitrite/Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin system

The peroxynitrite/porphyrin biomimetic system was established to investigate the effects of peroxynitrite on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolism. Through the comparison of three model systems consisting of different iron porphyrins, we found that the peroxynitrite/T(p-Cl)PPFeCl system showed the highest catalytic efficiency in the metabolism of B[a]P. We analyzed the B[a]P metabolites produced from this system by RP-HPLC method and firstly identified the formation of nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes which are the special metabolites of B[a]P induced by peroxynitrite.     

Degradation of carbamazepine by MWCNTs-promoted generation of high-valent iron-oxo species in a mild system with O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers

Metal phthalocyanine has been extensively studied as a catalyst for degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). However, metal phthalocyanine tends to undergo their own dimerization or polymerization, thereby reducing their activity points and affecting their catalytic properties. In this study, a catalytic system consisting of O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers (FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and H₂O₂ was proposed. The results showed MWCNTs loaded with FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ can achieve excellent degradation of CBZ with smaller dosages of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ and H₂O₂, and milder reaction temperatures. In addition, the results of experiments revealed the reaction mechanism of non-hydroxyl radicals. The highly oxidized high-valent iron-oxo (Fe(IV)=O) species was the main reactive species in the FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆/MWCNTs/H₂O₂ system. It is noteworthy that MWCNTs can improve the dispersion of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆, contributing to the production of highly oxidized Fe(IV)=O. Then, the pathway of CBZ oxidative degradation was speculated, and the study results also provide new ideas for metal phthalocyanine-loaded carbon materials to degrade emerging pollutants.     

磷酸盐对硫化亚铁(FeS)吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响机理研究

还原环境(如湖泊、海洋沉积物)中,FeS是重金属的重要载体。在富营养化过程中,磷酸盐可能对重金属在FeS上的吸附行为产生重要影响。本文通过不同pH、磷酸盐浓度的批次试验,结合X射线衍射仪(XRD)和场发射透射电子电镜-能谱仪(TEM-EDS)固体分析手段,进行磷酸盐对FeS吸附Sb(Ⅲ)的影响研究。结果表明：酸性和中性条件下,磷酸盐会与FeS溶解释放的Fe(Ⅱ)反应生成磷酸亚铁沉淀,促进FeS溶解,同时释放出更多的H₂S(aq)/HS^-与Sb(Ⅲ)结合形成Sb₂S₃沉淀,从而促进溶液中Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附。碱性条件下,FeS对Sb(Ⅲ)只有吸附作用,而磷酸盐会占据FeS表面部分的吸附位点,与Sb(Ⅲ)形成竞争关系,进而抑制溶液中Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附。     

海相沉积岩铁同位素体系及其古环境指示

铁(Fe)作为主要造岩元素及生命必需元素,广泛参与地球表层圈层所涉及的物理、化学和生物作用,在调节海洋初级生产力和驱动海洋生物地球化学循环过程扮演重要角色.Fe同位素作为较早开发的非传统稳定同位素体系,目前已成为示踪生物地球化学循环过程及古海洋环境演变的有效手段.本文在对全球海洋Fe循环和表生地质过程Fe同位素分馏机理...     

零价铁对污泥厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因水平转移的作用影响

细菌抗药性问题已成为全球生态环境安全和人体健康领域的一个关注焦点.污水处理剩余污泥是抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的一个重要储存库和排放源,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测分析了四环素抗性基因（TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX）及第一类整合子 intI1基因丰度在污泥厌氧消化过程中的变化特征,考察了不同投加量零价铁（Fe⁰）对目标基因的消长影响,初步分析了质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs水平转移的作用影响,并探讨了TC-ARGs与 intI1基因之间的相关关系.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化过程对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度具有不同程度的削减作用,其中tetX基因丰度降幅可达2.4个数量级.Fe⁰的加入对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度削减不显著,并且随着Fe⁰投加量的增加,TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度相比对照组出现逐渐升高的趋势.通过对质粒组DNA所携带的TC-ARGs基因丰度进行检测分析发现,质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs的水平转移具有促进作用.相关性分析结果显示,tetG与intI1基因之间具有显著正相关关系,表明intI1基因在污泥厌氧消化过程中可能对tetG基因的演变过程具有重要影响.