Comprehensive Environmental Investigation at Former Industrial/Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Sites in Long Beach,CA: A Forensic Perspective

Two industrial sites were investigated based on years of available hydrogeologic information and monitoring data for soil and groundwater. Collected data were forensically evaluated using age-dating and fingerprinting methods. The previous business uses of the project sites were as a gas station, laundry/dry-cleaning service, and car wash with petroleum underground storage tanks (USTs). As a result, these sites were exposed to a number of toxic contaminants at relatively high concentrations. Source control was necessary for successful remediation and the ultimate removal of the remaining compounds from these industrial sites. Although contaminated soil around the source was excavated during the remedial action and the high concentrations of contaminants were reduced, typical groundwater contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline (TPH-G), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and oxygenates including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were persistently found at the studied sites around the source points. The plume and concentration of contaminants had changed their shapes and strength for all monitoring periods. Thus, additional source control seems to be a requirement for the complete removal of source contamination, which must be ascertained with groundwater and soil monitoring on a regular time base. For the study sites, monitored natural attenuation was relatively feasible for the long-term plan; however, it did not offer a perfect remediation solution for an ultimate goal because of residual toxic compounds that might have affected the surrounding residential areas at higher concentrations than their health limits. Therefore, as a remediation strategy, the combination of clean-up technology and natural attenuation with monitoring activities are more highly recommended than either clean-up or natural attenuation used separately.     

基于情景分析的生产安全事故应急物资的协调储备优化研究

为了研究应急物资的实物储备与协议企业生产能力储备相结合的储备模式协调性,降低企业自身应对突发生产安全事故的物资储备成本,建立多情景生产安全事故下的企业应急物资实物储备场所和协议储备企业选址的协调优化模型,利用Lingo软件进行求解,并以石油储罐火灾的应急物资储备为背景设计算例,验证相关模型及方法的有效性。结果表明:提出的企业应急物资储备体系,能够在降低应急物资储备成本的同时,保持日常应急救灾能力。     

Treatment of wastewater from red and tropical fruit wine production by zeolite anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35°C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44–46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%–86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d.     

城市生态系统复合下垫面碳通量特征——以上海市奉贤大学城为例

随着城市化进程的加速和城市人口规模的增加,城市已成为最大的碳源,研究城市生态系统对大气二氧化碳的贡献成为碳循环研究的焦点问题之一。基于研究区域内土地利用现状和一年的涡动观测系统观测数据,结合地理信息技术(Arc GIS)和通量计算工具(Eddypro及ART Footprint Tool)以及碳通量足迹模型分析了上海奉贤大学城碳通量足迹特征,基于此探讨不同下垫面类型,包括以草本和木本等透水层为主的下垫面(称为自然系统),以建筑物、道路等不透水层为主的下垫面(称为社会系统)碳通量的变化特征。研究结果表明:1)在不同风向上,碳通量贡献区范围随着大气稳定度的增加而扩大。大气处于稳定条件下,非主风向上的碳通量贡献区范围(最大范围1 100 m)比主风向上的碳通量贡献区范围(最大范围780m)要大;当大气处于不稳定条件下时主风向和非主风向下的碳通量贡献区范围相差不大(最大范围分别为321和351m)。2)不同下垫面其源汇特征不同,以绿色植物为主的自然系统年碳通量均值为–4.1μmol/m~2/s,表现为碳汇;社会系统的年碳通量均值为8.6μmol/m~2/s,表现为碳源。3)自然系统的碳通量日变化具有较明显的季节分异,变化特征大致呈"U"型;社会系统的碳通量日变化没有明显的季节分异,变化特征大致呈"M"型。绿色植物对城市生态系统的大气二氧化碳有降低作用,结合自然和社会系统的碳通量变化特征可以为以后合理规划城市布局,建立低碳城市提供服务。     

基于二维和三维生态足迹的长三角城市群自然资本可持续性分析

城镇化和工业化进程的不断推进给城市群自然资本及其可持续利用带来较大的威胁。为明确城市群建设过程中自然资本可持续性变化特征,以长三角城市群为研究对象,采用二维和三维生态足迹评价模型,同时添加水资源账户对原模型进行改进以反映长三角地区水资源潜力与压力,研究分析了2005—2019年长三角城市群生态足迹、生态压力指数和生态协调指数变化、自然资本存量消耗和自然资本流量占用情况及其影响因素与作用机制。结果表明：1）研究期间,长三角城市群人均生态足迹和生态承载力分别为4.46和1.59 hm²/人,平均人均生态赤字为2.87 hm²/人,但万元GDP生态足迹不断下降,资源利用率不断上升;2）2005—2019年,长三角城市群生态压力指数由2.48升至3.25,生态协调指数由1.30变为1.25;3）基于改进三维生态足迹模型发现,长三角城市群资本存量利用程度越来越大,且对自然资本流量的更新起到较大抑制作用,2019年研究区自然资本存量的消耗量是资本流量占有量的2.26倍;4）影响因子分析表明,工业产值、能源消耗总量、建筑用地面积和城镇化率对生态足迹起到了正向促进作用,对自然资本的可持续性产生了较大压力。

     

某污染场地地下水中溶解性有机质组成特征及其自然衰减指示作用

溶解性有机质（DOM）影响着地下水中污染物的降解转化行为,其结构组成的变化可以反映外来污染物的迁移转化过程。以山东某污染场地地下水为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱（EEM）、同步荧光光谱（SFS）和荧光区域体积积分法（FRI）分析研究区地下水DOM的组成及结构变化规律,并结合自然衰减能力评估方法——水文地球化学指标分析方法和微生物学分析方法探讨DOM光谱信息对地下水有机污染自然衰减效果的指示作用。结果表明：在地下水有机污染持续存在和长期的微生物作用下,地下水DOM中类腐殖质和类蛋白物质组分含量均增加,随着生物降解作用越来越强烈,DOM中类蛋白物质占比逐渐升高。基于FRI分区理论,提出可用特定荧光分区相对含量比〔P_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)/P_Ⅴ〕,即类蛋白物质与类腐殖质物质的相对含量比,作为快速判断地下水有机污染自然衰减生物作用效果的代替表征指标,P_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)/P_Ⅴ越大,表明自然衰减中的生物降解作用越强。

     

Aufnahme von Cyanid in Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung  Cyanide entstehen bei der Pyrolyse von Kohle, und bei der Gasreinigung wird Blaus?ure als Berliner Blau gef?llt. Diese Abf?lle sind heute h?ufig Bestandteil von innerst?dtischen Altlasten. Cyanwasserstoff HCN (Blaus?ure) ist ein schnell wirksames und starkes Gift; eisenkomplexierte Cyanide im Boden sind jedoch weit weniger giftig. Die Phytotoxizit?t von freiem Cyanid wurde für Korbweiden (Sálix viminális) mit dem Baum-Transpirationstest bestimmt. Der EC₁₀ liegt für t=72 h bei 0,76 mg KCN (0,3 mg CN) je Liter, der EC₅₀ bei 4,47 mg/l KCN. Langfristig sind 5 mg/l KCN t?dlich. Balsampappeln (Pópulus trichocárpa) k?nnen in bis zu 2500 mg/l Ferroferricyanid (Berliner Blau) überleben, wenn auch mit Wachstumsst?rungen. Weiden überlebten in einem Gaswerksboden mit bis zu 452 mg/kg Gesamt-CN. Aus der N?hrl?sung wurde mehr freies CN aufgenommen als aus dem Boden. M?glicherweise wird auch komplexiertes Cyanid in die Bl?tter verlagert. In Erlenmeyern mit Pflanzen wurde freies Cyanid bei sublethaler Dosis rasch aus der N?hrl?sung eliminiert. Die Bepflanzung mit geeigneter Vegetation k?nnte eine L?sung für viele cyanid-kontaminierte Gaswerks- und Minengel?nde sein. OnlineFirst: 09. 01. 2001     

Application of water extract of slippery elm tree leaves as a natural reagent for selective spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of molybdenum(VI) in environmental water samples

A novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of molybdenum(VI) by using a natural reagent, water extract of slippery elm tree leaves, is developed. Molybdenum(VI) reacts with this natural reagent to form an orange colored product. The formed product shows maximum absorbance at 418 nm with a molar absorptivity value of 0.57 × 10⁴ L mol^?1 cm^?1, and this method is linear in the 0.4–10 mg L^?1 concentration range. The detection limit value was found to be 0.0350 mg L^?1. The proposed method is simple, clean, low cost, selective, and sensitive. It was applied to the analytic samples with satisfactory results.     

高含CO2天然气运输管道缓蚀剂的筛选

大多数天然气藏CO2含量为10%~98%,CO2在不同的温度、压力条件下腐蚀极其严重。文章主要针对高含CO2天然气运输管道腐蚀的问题,开展缓蚀剂的筛选,重点开展CO2腐蚀规律研究与实验,评价环境温度、CO2分压、流动速度对腐蚀规律的影响,明确缓蚀剂的影响因素,结合管材的材质,优选评价不同类型的缓蚀剂,缓蚀效率分别为90.53%和92.64%,在管道凝液介质的气相及液相中都有较高的缓蚀效率。通过设计现场加药工艺及制度,监测评价缓蚀剂缓释效果和腐蚀情况,可防止管道运输过程中CO2腐蚀的侵害,长输管线内腐蚀控制良好。     

挥发性油藏回注气井控因素分析及措施

文章明确了挥发性油藏天然气回注井控的安全环保关键因素;量化了低渗挥发性油藏天然气回注注入能力,确定注入端各节点安全生产压力分布,攻关相关配套工艺设备,实现安全有效注入;开展室内实验和PVT相态拟合,分析注天然气后天然气和原油性质变化规律,创新非混相驱组分数值模拟参数优化方法,开展带人工压裂裂缝的组分数值模拟,精准确定压力场分布,降低计量及监测不准带来的安全隐患;明确注气井气窜影响因素,优化注采参数,抑制油井气窜,降低生产风险,实现井控安全情况下的天然气驱环保高效开发。