铜冶炼高砷烟尘浸出特性研究

以水为浸取剂,浸出铜冶炼过程中产生的高砷烟尘(砷质量分数为15.06%),研究了反应温度(T)、反应时间(t)、液固比(L/S)、pH值等因素对As、Pb、Zn浸出率的影响,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征方法分析了原料及浸出渣的微观结构,揭示了高砷烟尘中As、Pb、Zn物相的溶解机理。结果表明,以Pb_2As_2O_7和(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O存在形态为主的高砷烟尘浸出特性受液固比、pH值的影响十分显著,而受反应温度、反应时间的影响很小。在T=50℃、t=30 min、L/S质量比=10∶1、pH=1.0、搅拌速度300 r/min的条件下,Pb浸出率小于0.5%,As浸出率为93%,Zn浸出率为95%。XRD和SEM结果表明,在强酸性条件下,烟尘中的Pb_2As_2O_7物相可溶解释放Pb~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),而生成的Pb~(2+)可与液相SO_4~(2-)反应生成PbSO_4沉淀,进而降低Pb的浸出率;(Fe,Zn)_3(AsO_4)_2·8H_2O溶解释放出Zn~(2+)和AsO_4~(3-),可进一步提高As和Zn的浸出率。     

有色冶炼园区道路扬尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究有色冶炼工业园区周边道路扬尘中重金属污染特征及其健康风险,在云南省蒙自地区采集了城市道路、有色冶炼工业园区道路以及隧道尘样品,通过再悬浮设备将尘样悬浮至Teflon滤膜上获得PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品,并利用ICP-MS分析了Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb这8种重金属的含量.结果表明,在PM_(2.5)中重金属的平均含量高于PM_(10).Pb、Cd、As和Zn在3种道路扬尘中平均含量最高,且在不同道路扬尘中平均含量差异表现为:隧道工业园区道路城市道路.隧道扬尘中Pb和As的平均含量高于其它重金属,在PM_(2.5)中达到92 338.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12 457.7 mg·kg~(-1);工业园区道路扬尘中Pb和Zn的平均含量最高,在PM_(2.5)中分别是4 381.7 mg·kg~(-1)和4 685.0 mg·kg~(-1);城市道路平均含量最高的重金属是Zn和Pb,在PM_(2.5)中为1 952.6 mg·kg~(-1)和1 944.8 mg·kg~(-1), 3种道路扬尘中Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb平均含量均高于云南省土壤背景值.富集因子分析和主成分分析结果显示:Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb在3种道路上均有明显富集,受到有色冶炼工业和交通源的显著影响;而Cr、Mn和Ni在3种道路上富集不明显,未受到明显的人为源影响.健康风险评价结果表明,摄食是主要的暴露途径;儿童的非致癌风险高于成人.在PM_(2.5)道路扬尘中所含有的As、Cd和Pb都会对成人和儿童造成非致癌风险,在PM_(10)工业园区道路和隧道扬尘中的As、Cd和Pb对人体有非致癌风险,城市道路中的As仅对儿童有非致癌风险.此外,隧道中的As具有致癌风险.     

三叶草和黑麦草修复对炼锌废渣剖面养分及重金属分布特征的影响

为评价两种草本植物修复5年后的土法炼锌废渣剖面上养分及重金属分布特征,以废渣堆场上人工种植的三叶草（Trifolium repens）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）为研究对象,分析两种草本植物剖面（0~60 cm）上不同粒径废渣中养分和重金属的分布特征.结果表明：随着废渣剖面深度增加,废渣中全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷含量逐渐降低,表层废渣（0~10 cm）中有机质含量大多显著（p<0.05）低于深层废渣（10~60 cm）;而表层废渣（0~20 cm）的有效态氮磷含量大多显著（p<0.05）高于深层废渣（20~60 cm）.有机质和全氮含量随着废渣粒径增大呈先增加后降低的趋势,其含量在粒径为0.25~0.5 mm的废渣中最高,而碱解氮和有效磷含量则随废渣粒径增大逐渐降低.三叶草修复作用下其剖面不同粒径废渣中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷含量高于黑麦草.As、Cu、Pb、Zn含量随着废渣深度增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,且其在表层废渣（0~20 cm）中的含量高于深层废渣（20~60 cm）.除As外,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量总体表现为随废渣粒径增大而降低.两种植物修复作用下,酸可交换态As、Cd、Cu、Zn占比均随废渣剖面深度增加而增加,酸可交换态Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn占比均随废渣粒径增大而增加.综上,三叶草和黑麦草参与下垂直剖面上不同粒径废渣养分及重金属含量分布特征具有明显的差异.     

纳米氧化锌对EBPR系统的长期作用机制研究:从宏观到微观

研究了纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的长期作用机制,系统分析了EBPR系统在ZnO NPs长期抑制下宏观运行性能与微观结构的变化.结果发现,当进水开始添加ZnO NPs后,系统沉降性能随之降低.厌氧释磷速率与好氧吸磷速率均出现显著降低并降至0 mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以每g MLSS释(吸)P量(mg)计,下同),从而使得系统丧失除磷效果.同时,厌氧段COD开始积累.ZnO NPs浓度增加至10 mg·L~(-1)时,多糖与蛋白质含量在抑制条件下均开始减少.通过高通量技术对微观层面进行分析发现,ZnO NPs将会严重抑制聚磷菌的正常生长.ZnO NPs对系统内不同细菌有截然不同的作用,Proteobacteria门在试验过程中比例减小,而Bacteroidetes门却受到促进作用.恢复阶段,较低浓度(2 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件下,EBPR系统恢复速度与程度均优于高浓度(6、10 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件.然而,即使系统得到一定程度恢复也难以恢复到初始水平.     

The presence of zinc in Swedish waste fuels

Zinc (Zn) is a chemical element that has gained more attention lately owing to its possibility to form corrosive deposits in large boilers, such as Waste-to-Energy plants. Zn enters the boilers in many different forms and particularly in waste, the amount of Zn is hard to determine due to both the heterogeneity of waste in general but also due to the fact that little is yet published specifically about the Zn levels in waste. This study aimed to determine the Zn in Swedish waste fuels by taking regular samples from seven different and geographically separate waste combustion plants over a 12-month period. The analysis shows that there is a relation between the municipal solid waste (MSW) content and the Zn-content; high MSW-content gives lower Zn-content. This means that waste combustion plants with a higher share of industrial and commercial waste and/or building and demolition waste would have a higher share of Zn in the fuel. The study also shows that in Sweden, the geographic location of the plant does not have any effect on the Zn-content. Furthermore, it is concluded that different seasons appear not to affect the Zn concentrations significantly. In some plants there was a clear correlation between the Zn-content and the content of other trace metals.     

Enhanced simultaneous absorption of NOx and SO2 in oxidation-reduction-absorption process with a compounded system based on Na2SO3

Oxidation of sulfite and competitive absorption existed in Na₂SO₃ solution for simultaneous removal of NO_x and SO₂, inhibited the long-term high-efficiency when used for practical applications. A matching strategy was developed to solve these problems. Antioxidants combination was used to retard the oxidation of antioxidant and enhance inhibition of S（IV）(tetravalent sulfur) oxidation. Hydroquinone（HQ） and sodium thiosulfate（ST） showed a positive syner...     

典型因素对含锌废盐酸制备磷酸锌的影响机制研究

以含锌废盐酸为原料制备磷酸锌［Zn3(PO4)2］,探讨含锌废盐酸中Zn、Fe、Cr、Ni等重金属质量分数、TOC质量浓度、磷酸体积分数和反应时间等典型因素对Zn3(PO4)2纯度及化学组成结构的影响,并用XRD及SEM表征Zn3(PO4)2的物相结构。结果表明,含锌废盐酸可制备纯度较高、结构较为稳定的Zn3(PO4)2产品,制备过程中废盐酸中的Fe对Zn3(PO4)2产出纯度的影响较大;Zn3(PO4)2的产出纯度随TOC质量浓度的升高而下降;当磷酸体积分数低于85%时,对Zn3(PO4)2产出纯度总体呈正相关趋势,而高于85%后,产出纯度则有所降低;反应时间为5 h时制备Zn3(PO4)2的效率最高。     

贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算

通过对酸性水溶液、含Fe³⁺水溶液、含Fe²⁺水溶液、细菌菌液和细菌培养基水溶液脱除二氧化硫的实验,探讨了微生物液相氧化二氧化硫的途径.以液相中SO₄^2-浓度考察了Fe³⁺浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、进口SO₂浓度以及温度对脱硫成酸的影响.微生物脱硫有2种机制:一是直接氧化作用,即氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)将S(IV)氧化成S(VI);二是间接催化氧化,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在酸性条件下具有快速氧化Fe²⁺成Fe³⁺,增强Fe³⁺对SO₂的液相催化氧化能力,研究表明微生物脱硫以间接催化氧化为主.在浓度0～1.2g/L之间,Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺浓度越高,脱硫效果越好,氧化亚铁硫杆菌表现出对Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺体系氧化SO₂的强化效果.入口SO₂浓度越高,细菌脱硫效率越低,但液相中SO₄^2-浓度随进口SO₂浓度增加变化不大.温度对微生物脱硫影响较大,最佳脱硫温度为30～40℃.     

Selective recovery of Cu(II) from strongly acidic wastewater by zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate: Affecting factors, efficiency and mechanism

The selective recovery of copper from strongly acidic wastewater containing mixed metal ions remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel reagent zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (Zn(DMDC)₂) was developed for the selective removal of Cu(II). The removal efficiency of Cu(II) reached 99.6% after 120 min reaction at 30°C when the mole ratio Zn(DMDC)₂/Cu(II) was 1:1. The mechanism investigation indicates that the Cu(DMDC)₂ products formed as a result of the displacement of Zn(II) from the added Zn(DMDC)₂ by Cu(II) in wastewater, due to the formation of stronger coordination bonds between Cu(II) and the dithiocarbamate groups of Zn(DMDC)₂. Subsequently, we put forward an innovative process of resource recovery for strongly acidic wastewater. Firstly, the selective removal of Cu(II) from actual wastewater using Zn(DMDC)₂, with a removal efficiency of 99.7%. Secondly, high-value CuO was recovered by calcining the Cu(DMDC)₂ at 800°C, with a copper recovery efficiency of 98.3%. Moreover, the residual As(III) and Cd(II) were removed by introducing H₂S gas, and the purified acidic wastewater was used to dissolve ZnO for preparation of valuable ZnSO₄·H₂O. The total economic benefit of resource recovery is estimated to be 11.54 $/m³. Accordingly, this study provides a new route for the resource recovery of the treatment of copper-containing acidic wastewater.     

铝冶炼行业主要危险废物的判别分析研究

铝冶炼产业在国民经济和社会发展中具有极其重要的地位和作用,在铝冶炼生产过程中,会产生大量危险废物,如处置不当会造成严重污染。但如何判别危险废物是环境管理中的难点问题,危险废物判别是技术性、专业性很强的工作,本文对铝冶炼业产生危险废物的类型、环节进行了分析,以供环境部门和相关企业作为针对危险废物环境管理的判别依据。